Post Midterm 2 Flashcards
What does the “success” of a group depend on?
Origin of new indep lineages rate and extinction of lineages
What kind of pattern does extinction follow?
Log linear
What does the linearity suggest about extinction?
It is always equally likely
Selection favors lineages with ___ rates of origination
Increased
What are the only true random extinctions?
Mass extinction events
What is Cope’s rule?
Body size of species in a lineage tends to increase over evolutionary time
What is ontogeny?
Fetal shit
What does biogenetic law state?
Ontogeny repeats phylogeny, essentially you can see the steps of evolution throughout development
What is geometric transformation?
Think of of grid and that forming the silly putty in different ways can form new organisms
What is Allometry?
Body parts not growing at the same rate
What is the allometric equation?
Y=bxa
X and y are the two traits
A = allometric coefficient
B = constant
How does allometry describe evolution of size and shape?
Different body parts evolving diff rates is how you get new shapes and sizes of animals
What is heterochrony?
Another way to get different morphologies than allometry, having developmental programs happen at different times
What are Hox genes?
Groups of related genes that related to parts of the head tail axis in animals
How can macroevolution be explained with hox genes?
Changes in organisms can happen with changes in number of Hox genes, changes in their spatial expression, or changes in their gene interactions
What is micro-evo-devo?
Study of how all the physiological variation has occurred
Describe the forces on phenotypic variation
Evolutionary forces that control genotypes polymorphism and genotypes divergence which is also affected by polymorphism which both lead to developmental changes which ends up affecting phenotypic variation
For entire genome matches, how often are humans and chimps closest in relation?
70% of the time
When is the human-chimp split estimated to have happened?
5-7 MYA
What came first: upright posture or enlarged brain?
Upright posture
Did humans originate in Africa or other regions?
Africa but Neanderthals and stuff prob mixed in
What is the evidence for local adaptation in humans?
Adaptations to environments with a severe challenge to survival and convergent adaptation in different populations
How can there be recent human evolution if humans are 99.9% similar to one another?
Still a shit ton of variable sites
Is lactase persistence coding or regulatory?
Regulatory because all humans have the lactase gene but you need to express it throughout your life
