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review Flashcards

1
Q

the overall blackening of the film

A

density

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2
Q

the difference in adjacent densities on a radiograph

A

contrast

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3
Q

the main controller of density

A

mAs

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4
Q

the main controller of contrast

A

LUT

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5
Q

the quantity of x rays in the beam

A

mAs

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6
Q

the quality of x rays in the beam

A

kVp

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7
Q

causes image to appear larger than the object being radiographed , misrepresentation of the true size of the image

A

size distortion

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8
Q

the major factor in magnification

A

OID

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9
Q

decreases the effect of magnification

A

SID

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10
Q

distance is ______ proportional to density

A

indirectly

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11
Q

if distance is increased _____ must increase to maintain density

A

mAs

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12
Q

the two types of shape distortion are:

A

elongation & foreshortening

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13
Q

____ distortion is the misrepresentation of the true shape of the image as compared to the object

A

shape

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14
Q

occurs when the object is at an angle and the central ray is perpendicular to the film

A

foreshortening

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15
Q

occurs when the object is parallel to the film but the central ray is angled or if the central ray is perpendicular to the object but the object is not parallel to the film

A

elongation

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16
Q

changes in the tube always cause _____ NOT ______

A

elongation , foreshortening

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17
Q

the _____ _____ of the anatomical part / object is intended to be positioned perpendicular to the CR and parallel to the IR

A

long axis

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18
Q

a ____ focal spot improves recorded detail

A

small

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19
Q

____ time reduces the chance of motion blur

A

short

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20
Q

example of breathing technique

A

low mA , high time (25-50 mA, 2-3 s)

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21
Q

high kVp =

A

high photon energy
low contrast
long scale

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22
Q

low kVp =

A

low photon energy
high contrast
short scale

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23
Q

what radiographic color would bone have

A

white

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24
Q

what radiographic color would air have

A

black

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25
Q

high kVp = ____ scatter

A

higher

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26
Q

how does scattered radiation affect contrast

A

decreases contrast

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27
Q

if kVp is increased by 15% , mAs should be

A

halved

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28
Q

if kVp is decreased by 15% , mAs should be

A

doubled

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29
Q

why is 15% rule applied

A

to maintain exposure

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30
Q

high contrast is ___ scale

A

short

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31
Q

long scale = ___ contrast

A

low

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32
Q

_____ radiation passes through a grid

A

primary

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33
Q

_____ radiation is absorbed by the grid

A

scatter

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34
Q

the height of the lead strips compared to the distance between the lead strips

A

grid ratio

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35
Q

the number of grid lines per inch

A

grid frequency

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36
Q

a ___ grid ratio absorbs more scatter than a ____ grid ratio

A

high, low

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37
Q

unwanted absorption of primary radiation by the grid

A

grid cut off

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38
Q

the physical area of the focal tract that is impacted by the electron beam

A

the focal spot

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39
Q

a small ___ produces better recorded detail

A

OID

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40
Q

the sharpness of the lines of an image

A

detail

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41
Q

wedge and trough are examples of

A

added filtration

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42
Q

filtration located under the window between the x ray tube and the collimator

A

added

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43
Q

filtration present because of the design of the x ray tube

A

inherent

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44
Q

filtration _____ the average energy of the beam
decreases or increases

A

decreases

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45
Q

CR uses ___________ imaging plates inside a cassette

A

photostimulable storage phosphor (PSP)

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46
Q

a device used to convert incoming x ray photons to light

A

scintillator

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47
Q

a device used to convert light into an electronic signal

A

photodetector

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48
Q

small groups of pixels are called

A

kernels

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49
Q

processing operation that applies to small groups of pixels

A

local processing

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50
Q

processing operation that involves the adjustment of a pixel

A

point processing

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51
Q

point processing operation that allows for adjustment in brightness & contrast

A

windowing

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52
Q

digital imaging systems having a high signal to noise ratio has _____ quality

A

better

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53
Q

does an 8 bit or 16 bit system have more shades of gray

A

16 bit

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54
Q

determines the number of shades of gray that can be represented on an image

A

gray scale bit depth

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55
Q

in a CCD system what is responsible for focusing the light on to the CCD chip

A

fiber optics

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56
Q

CCD are ____ imaging

A

indirect

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57
Q

the process for indirect radiography

A

2 step process

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58
Q

direct radiography is a ____ process

A

1 step

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59
Q

what type of laser is utilized in PSP reader

A

helium neon

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60
Q

what is a translation movement

A

slow scan

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61
Q

single laser , reads raster pattern

A

point scan reader

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62
Q

reads entire line at a time

A

line scan

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63
Q

processing operation that involves the adjustment of a pixel

A

point processing

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64
Q

a histogram modification or stretching

A

rescaling

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65
Q

spatial resolution is determined by what 4 things?

A

pixel size
pixel pitch
matrix size
FOV

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66
Q

is the measurement of sensitivity and accuracy of an image receptor

A

DQE

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67
Q

indicates the amount of x ray exposure that reaches the IR

A

exposure indicator

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68
Q

small or large focal spot to decrease motion

A

large

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69
Q

the comparison between the actual exposure and the proper exposure received by the IR

A

deviation index

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70
Q

in PSP systems the active layer is

A

the phosphor

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71
Q

encompass BMI platforms used in health care facilities and in radiology departments, respectively

A

RIS & HIS
radiology & hospital information system

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72
Q

are the electronic version of an individuals patients collection of medical documents

A

EMR & EHR

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73
Q

a BMI platform configured for storing , archiving, and distributing medical images

A

PACS

74
Q

the universal , standardized public format and protocol for communicating biomedical imaging files

A

DICOM

75
Q

what will give the best detail - pixel size and pitch

A

small pixel size & small pixel pitch

76
Q

what combination of FOVs and matrix sizes will provide best resolution

A

FOV of 12 & matrix size of 2045
small & large

77
Q

the ____ the matrix , the better the resolution

A

larger

78
Q

the volume of tissue seen in each pixel is

A

voxel

79
Q

the ____ the pixel pitch the better the resolution

A

smaller

80
Q

controls the lightness and darkness of an image on the display

A

window level

81
Q

is the columns and rows of pixels

A

matrix

82
Q

is the graphic representation of the IR exposure

A

histogram

83
Q

how is contrast range of an image determined in CR & DR imaging

A

LUT - look up table

84
Q

the mathematical algorithm called that sets the standard for contrast for the selected exam

A

LUT

85
Q

the post processing function that increases contrast and enhances the edges of an image is known as

A

high pass filtering

86
Q

removes high frequency noise and reduces contrast - post processing

A

low pass filtering

87
Q

not enough photons hitting the IR during an exposure , the image will have

A

quantum mottle - repeat increase mAs

88
Q

if an exposure was made at 85 kVp and the resultant radiograph did not have enough contrast , but the IE was good , what should be done on the repeat image

A

lower kVp

89
Q

the effective focal spot is always smaller than the ___ when the angle is 45 degrees

A

actual
line focus principal theory

90
Q

what does the term dual focus mean

A

tube has 2 filaments

91
Q

according to the anode heel effect the intensity of the beam is greatest at the ____ end

A

cathode

92
Q

photons not produced at the focal spot are known as what type of radiation

A

off focus

93
Q

the total filtration required for an x ray machine above 70 kVp is

A

2.5 mm

94
Q

tech dose comes from

A

compton interactions

95
Q

patient dose comes from

A

photoelectric interactions

96
Q

as kVp increases photoelectric interactions

A

decrease

97
Q

as kVp increases compton interactions

A

increase

98
Q

the geometric unsharpness around the edge of an image is called

A

penumbra

99
Q

artifact that occurs when the digital imaging receptor captures the grid lines when scanning

A

moire effect

100
Q

the main purpose of exposure systems

A

produce consistent images

101
Q

amount of exposure needed to reach IR for an adequate exposure

A

1mR/ hr

102
Q

the mathematical algorithm that changes an image from spatial location to spatial frequency domain

A

fourier transformation

103
Q

occurs when the computer processing software eliminates data irrelevant to the exam

A

data clipping

104
Q

is the information important to the exam in a digital image

A

FOV

105
Q

the sensing area of a DEL is determined by the

A

fill factor

106
Q

the greater the sensing area the ____ the resolution

A

better

107
Q

use the ____ within the grids focal range to avoid grid cut off

A

distance

108
Q

to avoid grid cut off do not angle the CR ____ the grid lines

A

against

109
Q

to avoid grid cut off the beam and the grid must be ______ to each other

A

perpendicular

110
Q

a _____ beam size reduces scattered radiation

A

small

111
Q

a filter absorbs ___ energy photons

A

high

112
Q

filtration does what to density and contrast

A

decreases both

113
Q

filtration ______ the average energy of the beam

A

decreases

114
Q

to increase the amount of contrast on a image pre exposure you would

A

decrease kVp

115
Q

an increase in focal spot size will have what result in IR exposure

A

has no effect

116
Q

if the mA is increased from 300 to 400 all other factors remain the same. what will happen to IR exposure

A

increase

117
Q

which contrast scale is produced with a high kVp

A

long scale

118
Q

which one of these body components would display the most radiographic (radiolucent) density

A

air

119
Q

the lack of sufficient data reaching the IR is called

A

quantum noise

120
Q

which beam would penetrate through body tissues easily

A

a beam produced with high kVp

121
Q

which type of image would be produced on a radiograph with low kVp

A

high contrast

122
Q

T/F: low kVp produces a short scale of contrast

A

true

123
Q

anther term for the presence of scattered radiation in the film is

A

fog

124
Q

high kVp produces a ____ scale of contrast

A

long

125
Q

as beam restriction increases, contrast

A

increases

126
Q

digital processing function that controls contrast

A

window width

127
Q

the addition of filtration will _____ IR exposure

A

decrease

128
Q

the utilization of strict collimation will ___ exposure

A

decrease

129
Q

as distance is decreased , IR exposure will

A

increase

130
Q

the anode heel effect will cause an increase in density at the ____ of primary beam of the part being imaged is equal thickness

A

cathode

131
Q

additive pathology will ______ IR exposure

A

decrease

132
Q

if a digital processing system is said to have a “high margin of error” or “wide dynamic range” then the tech can have

A

varying exposures

133
Q

the grayscale bit depth determines the

A

contrast a system can display

134
Q

when a high kVp is utilized for an abdominal radiograph it will result in a ______ scale of contrast

A

long scale

135
Q

the ability of an IR to distinguish between objects is its

A

contrast resolution

136
Q

T/F: proper contrast on an image can be determined by IR exposure

A

false

137
Q

T/F: the addition of contrast media will decrease contrast

A

false

138
Q

how do grids effect contrast

A

increase contrast

139
Q

term to describe when the histogram automatically modifies the values of interest so they properly represent the anatomical part being imaged

A

rescaling

140
Q

this occurs when an image is obtained that does not fit the parameters that were used in the reference histogram

A

histogram analysis error

141
Q

when x ray photons are converted to light then light photons are converted to an electrical signal describes what type of system

A

indirect conversion

142
Q

amorphous silicon is used in what system

A

indirect digital

143
Q

amorphous selenium is used in what system

A

direct digital

144
Q

which of the processing operations is utilized to change the position or orientation is pixels

A

geometric processing

145
Q

the three dimensional data with the digital image

A

voxel

146
Q

which of the processing operations includes high pass & low pass filtering

A

local processing

147
Q

T/F : the greater the DEL the greater the resolution

A

false

148
Q

when a PSP plate is flooded with intense light, the process is called

A

erasure

149
Q

which of the following is utilized to convert analog data into a direct signal in a CR system before the computer can work with the image

A

ADC

150
Q

when radiographers view images, they are represented in which domain

A

spatial location

151
Q

in a PSP system ___% of the latent image will be lost in 8 hours if it is not processed

A

25%

152
Q

in a PSP system , what is the active component that traps electrons during exposure

A

phosphor crystal

153
Q

a pixel that has an eight bit depth displays _____ shades of gray

A

256

154
Q

when matrix size is increased and pixel size goes down

A

spatial resolution increases

155
Q

a line pair of a resolution grid is utilized to measure which of the following

A

spatial resolution

156
Q

an increase in source image distance causes recorded detail to

A

increase

157
Q

as resolution increases

A

recorded detail increases

158
Q

edge enhancement is also known as

A

high pass filtering

159
Q

increased background information will increase

A

image noise

160
Q

M=

A

SID/SOD

161
Q

minification

A

cannot be archived in radiography

162
Q

placing the object parallel to the film will avoid

A

shape distortion

163
Q

SID =

A

SOD + OID

164
Q

SNR measures

A

noise

165
Q

spatial resolution is best measured in which of the following situations

A

high contrast and small structures

166
Q

temporal resolution is the ability of a system to

A

provide better resolution when motion is present

167
Q

the point spread function is used to measure

A

detail

168
Q

the ability of an imaging system to record two adjacent structures as seperate structures is called

A

recorded detail

169
Q

the larger the pixel size the ___ the recorded detail

A

less

170
Q

the number of lines per millimeter seen or able to be seen on an image describes :

A

spatial frequency

171
Q

the processing algorithm that averages incoming analog data ( data is sampled twice )

A

nyquist criterion

172
Q

using a short OID will avoid

A

size distortion

173
Q

when incoming data is sampled less than twice this can occur

A

aliasing

174
Q

____ expresses the edges of an image in digital imaging

A

PSF

175
Q

___ measures the accuracy of an image compared to the original object

A

MTF

176
Q

reticulation means

A

quantum mottle

177
Q

what technique chart doubles or halves the mAs in increments of 30% for 5 cm changes in subject thickness

A

fixed kVp

178
Q

what technique chart is consistent with the 15% rule

A

variable kVp

179
Q

what is known as excessive signal to the IR

A

detector saturation

180
Q

what technique chart utilizes 2kvp, part thickness and a base kVp to figure technique

A

variable kVp

exposures (6 decks)

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