Reverse Terms

Question 1

in between the koller’s sicker and area opaqa

Answer 1

posteior marginal zone

Question 2

-Wnt binds to frizzled receptor which interacts with ROR -activates DTI (phosphoralation) interacts RoA & Rac -RoA activates kinase involved with cytoskeleton changes 9for cell moments) -cells told to remain/divide in same plane

Answer 2

Non-Canonical (B and C)

Question 3

•Belongs to the category of non-canonical pathway. • Some Wnt molecules can activate DSH through the Frizzled receptors paired with ROR. • Through this DSH activates Rho-GTPase. • Rho-GTPase activates the kinases that phosphorylate the cytoskeletal proteins that alter cell shape and movements.

Answer 3

Planar Cell polarity (PCP) Wnt Signaling pathway

Question 4

Building of 3D structure, generation of the form that we see.

Answer 4

Morphogenesis

Question 5

Sorting of cells: Homotypic cell adhesions,

Answer 5

Cadherins

Question 6

•Adherin junction (where one attaches to the other cad herein) basis on forming epithelium •ECM (extra cellar membrane) around cells •interns NB for cell-ECM interactions •TMP (trans membrane protein) with an alpha and beta subunit •2 signalling: outside-in, inside-out •when signalling received, alpha beta subsets are rendered apart. Heads no longer bent but straight •70 armstrong (70ºA) •inactive intern is close •

Answer 6

Integrins

Question 7

is Important in organogenesis as well as cancer biology. • Cancer initiates as a epithelial cancer … later metastasize to different locations • Epithelial sheet forms a water-proof covering, bend-sheet forms tube, etc. • Epithelial cells are attached to each other through adheren junctions and the the basal lamina through integrins

Answer 7

Epithilial-Mesenchyme Transition (EMT)

Question 8

Limb bud-tip formation

Answer 8

Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER)

Question 9

All three zones that differentiate as cells leave the progress zone. As limb bud grows, the cell fate is established.

Answer 9

Theory of posterior distal axis formaition: Progressing zone model.

Question 10

All regions are pre-established. As time progresses, limb bud grows and regions (refer to pic) expand. Early stage small, late sage large in size.

Answer 10

Thoeyr Early allocation and progenitor expansion model

Question 11

elimination of certain chromosomes from cells that form somatic tissues

Answer 11

chromosomal diminution

Question 12

number of fates cells can take

Answer 12

potency

Question 13

cells that can form every cell of embryo (3 layers, etc) and cells of placenta

Answer 13

totipotent

Question 14

cells that can form cell of all 3 germ layers but not placenta

Answer 14

pluripotent

Question 15

cells derived from embryo or adult committed to form small component of cells (hematopotent stem cells = present in bone marrow and capable of forming all blood cells)

Answer 15

multipotent

Question 16

cells that can take up only one or two fates

Answer 16

uni/bi potent

Question 17

micro environment in which these stem cells can exist

Answer 17

Stem Cell Niche

Question 18

cells can keep making more cells or go on to commit to differentiation

Answer 18

Single Cell Asymmetry

Question 19

in order to keep up the population, some cells are more prone to make more and some are more prone to commitment

Answer 19

Population Asymmetry

Question 20

-T helper cells are Cd4 (markers on them) -T cytotoxic cells CD8 markers on them -stem cells have specific surface markers -cell foes through resivor one at a time. Excited by laser and florescent light detected by photomultiplier tube -certain changes (that’s related to surface markers) and separated into fractions

Answer 20

Fluorescence activated Cell sorting (FACS)

Question 21

•UV a mouse to destroy it’s BM cells •if left alone it’ll die •inject with normal BM cells •it survives •isolate the hematopoietic stem cells

Answer 21

Repopulation Assay:

Question 22

-inducers are ligands -can figure out potency of cell population (number of fates cell can take up) -induce cells and wait to see what fates they take.

Answer 22

In Vitro Induction Assays using Stem Cells

Question 23

•EScells can be differentiated in somatic cells then reprogrammed to
__________ by TF such as Sox2 and Oct4 •Regenerative Medicine: Disease treatment Organ repair

Answer 23

induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell

Question 24

•multipotent stem cell undergoes differentiation into an number of things it could be, or unipotent stem cell becomes differentiated into the specific one thing •specific replacement of lost tissues •Ex: blood cells (haematopoiesis); digestive tract epithelium; hair shafts; planarian flatworms

Answer 24

Stem cell mediated regeneration

Question 25

full differentiated cell undergoes dedifferntiation then this multipotent undergoes differentiation •“dedifferentiation” and “re-differentiation” of cells at wound sites. – De-differentiation is differentiated cells form relatively undifferentiated mass of cells that later re-differentiates to form new structures. – Ex: amphibian and insect limbs

Answer 25

Epimorphosis

Question 26

•transdifferentiate into different cell types. Example, epithelium becomes neuron. •Repatterning from existing tissue with no new growth •Ex: hydra regeneration

Answer 26

Morpallaxis

Question 27

•different cells are induced to divide and you increase the number, but they maintain their differentiated functions. Each cell produces cells similar to itself. •re-patterning of existing tissues without new growth. Ex: mammalian liver

Answer 27

Compensatory Regenration

Question 28

normally supplied by limb nerve •Limb is denerved 7 d later amputed. •5d later ? is electroporated into the limb blastema. •Control newt not supplemented with ? limb remained as a stump. Supplementation of ? restored the ability to regenerate the limb.

Answer 28

nAG

Question 29

Before: •CSL TF is on the enhancer of Notch regulatory genes and binds the repressors Activation: •ligand (ex. delta) binds to extracellular domain of Notch on an adjacent cell •causes shape change in intracellular domain of notch •activates protease •protease cleaves notch •intracellular region of notch enters nucleus and binds to CSL •intracellular notch region displaces repressor and binds activators of transcription (ex.p300) •activates CSL can transcribe target gene

Answer 29

Notch-Delta Signaling Pathway

Question 30

-cut on side of organism, then suture together -after 2 weeks the share a circulatory system -inflict injury on one other them -if hurt old: muscle cells regenerate back together like it was a young -young has all the paracrine factors

Answer 30

Parabiosis

Question 31

-insulin growth factors activate IGF receptors -which activate P13 kinase -activates AKT -P TEN inhibits AKT -If AKT inhibited blocks Foxo and activates MTORC1 -leads to functional decline go post-mitt tissues and stem cells, therefore aging

Answer 31

Insulin Repair Pathway

Question 32

In planarian flatworms, regenera'on is a kind of stem-cell mediated event, and occurs in a way that suggest a morphogen gradient is at work in the regenera'on that is observed. • At the cut surface ______ (pluripotent stem cell) direct development of the missing structures—heads make tails, and tails make heads.

Answer 32

clonogenic neoblasts

Question 33

Formation of the terminal regions of a Drosophila embryo by torso signalling. The repressor shown in (B) is the product of the gene ____

Answer 33

Capicua.

Question 34

what inhibits the primitive streak in chickens

Answer 34

Cerberus

Question 35

Drospholia had legs, wings and in the methathorax ____

Answer 35

blankers or Halters