Reverse Comprehensive Microbial List Flashcards
Eddman
- inheirited, rare disorder
- progressive degree of insomnia to sleeplesness
- autonomic instability, motor system degeneration, spongiform changes (like CJD)
Fatal familial insomnia
Eddman
- similar to smallpox, milder.
- fever, headache, lymphadenopathy, malaise, myalgia, back ache.
Monkeypox
Eddman
- HSV1: oral secretions
- HSV2: genital secretions
- painful ulcerating lesions on skin or mucous membranes
- Herpes encephalitis and hepatitis (rare HSV1)
- neonatal Herpes–serious complication of maternal genital herpes (high mortality)
- acyclovir effective
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2
Eddman
- a.k.a Tropical Foot, fusospirochetal infection
- Follows trauma (lesions) in the tropics, malnutrition is a factor.
- Painful leg legion with necrosis, sloughing of skin, and gray putrid exudate -May be complicated by tibial osteomyelitis and squamous cell carcinoma
- Deep wounds that persist for years, often need reconstructive surgery to fix
Tropical Phagedenic Ulcer (Bacillus fusiformis and Treponema vincentii)
Eddman
- ingestion of food contaminated with eggs
- most common helminthic infection in humans
- usually ASYMPTOMATIC
- penetrate small intestine and travel to lungs
- can cause obstruction of pancreatic or biliary ducts-pancreatitis, suppurative cholangitis, and liver abscesses.
- Ascaris pneumonia (rare): larvae fill alveolar airspaces
Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides)
Eddman
- Epidemiology: ancient disease. named after latin “varius” meaning “pimple/spot”. Common in Europe. Arrived in the new world by explorers and decimated native populations. Edward Jenner (1796) performed first vaccination by innoculating child with lymph from hand of milkmaid infected with cowpox. WHO began eradication campaign in 1967 leading to eradication in 1978 (Somalia last endemic cases). CDC and Russia still have virus stockpiled.
- Etiology: Spread between infected and susceptible hosts via droplets or aerosol of infected saliva. Virus highly stable and remains infective for long periods outside human host. Variola major (Asia and parts of Africa–prototypical) and Variola minor (Africa, South America, and Europe–minor systemic toxicity and lesions).
- Pathology: Skin vesicles of variola show reticular degeneration and areas of ballooning degeneration. Guarnieri bodies (eosinophilic, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies) are seen, but not specific to smallpox (most poxviral infections). Vesicles also occur in palate, pharynx, trachea, and esophagus. Severe cases produce gastric and intestinal involvement, hepatitis, and interstitial nephritis.
- Clinical Features: Incubatin period: 12 days (7-17 days). Spreads to regional lymph nodes to produce viremia. Abrupt malaise, fever, vomiting, and headache manifest. Characteristic rash (face and forearms) follows in 2-3 days. After eruptions on lower extremities, rash spreads central during next week to trunk. Lesions: macules–>papules–>pustular vesicles–>scabs–>scars. Fatality rate is 30% in unvaccinated.
Smallpox (Variola virus)
Eddman
- Gram(-), highly motile. -granulomatous–taken up by macrophages
- Pyogenic STD with 3 characteristic stages
- Primary: Chancre (firm, painless) with luetic vasculitis, occasionally multiple lesions in immunecompromised.
- Secondary: (involves systemic spread) Maculopapular rash on palms and soles of the feet, follicular and numular syphilids, condylomata lata (white plaques on perineum region), obliterative endarteritis.
- Latent stage: Asymptomatic
- Tertiary (3-15 yrs after infection): Gumma: soft, tumor-like balls of inflammation which may vary considerably in size. NeuroSyphilis - meningitis, seizure, dementia + tabes doralis (peripheral nerve demyelination) Cardiovascular syphilis- aortitis => aneurism.
- Congenital syphilis can cause snuffles, saddle nose, saber shins, and Hutchinson teeth in newborn
Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
Eddman
- Rare, granulomatous disease.
- Zoonotic; associated with horses.
- Burkholderia mallei aka pseudomonas mallei
- Transmission via cuts in the skin, via musoca, or inspiration.
- Nodular lesions in the lungs and ulceration of the mucous membranes in the upper respiratory tract
- Acute bacteremia => Almost always fatal. Generally a 50% mortality rate and very small minimum infectious dose.
Glanders
Eddman
- Spread via respiratory tract and secretions (person-person) -Necrosis of respiratory epithelium, with predominate lymphocytic infiltrate.
- Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells (up to 100 nuclei).
- fever, rhinorrhea, cough, and conjunctivitis. -Progresses to characteristic mucosal and skin lesions (Koplik spots) develope -Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) -more deadly in immunocompromised
Rubeola (Measels)
Eddman
- Coxiella burnetii
- From animals–inhalation of aerosolized dropletts
-phagocytosed and proliferation inside macrophages.
- Typically a self-limited systemic infection, particularly lungs and liver.
- Granulomatous hepatomegaly.
Q Fever
Eddman
- mosquito vector (South America + Africa) flavivirus -coagulative necrosis of hepatocytes
- Presence of apoptotic (Councilman) bodies in liver biopsies.
- abrupt onset of fever, chills, headache, myalgias, nausea, and vomiting.
- 3-5 days, hepatic failure with jaundice, clotting factor deficiencies, and diffuse hemorrhages.
- “Black vomit” is classic feature of severe cases.
- High mortality rate
Yellow Fever
Eddman
- Mango fly bite transmites loa loa (round worm), which travels to the conjunctiva, where it can be readily seen in patient.
- Does not cause blindness
- rarely lethal (sudden + diffuse cerebral ischemia)
- usually self limited with mild CNS involvement
Loiasis “African Eye Worm”
Eddman
- Epidemeology: 10-40 million annual cases for 35,000 deaths. Highly contagious and epidemics spread world wide. Hemagluttinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N) designate serotype.
- Pathology: Necrosis and desquamination of ciliated respiratory tract epithelium–lymphocytic infiltrate. infection of lungs leads to necrosis and sloughing of alveolar lining cells.
- Clinical Features: Rapid onset of fever, chills, myalgia, headaches, weakness and nonproductive cough. Upper respiratory infection Deaths from both influenza and its complications. Vaccine 75% effective in preventing influenza.
Influenza Type A, B, C
Eddman
- small, aerobic bacillus, gram(-)
- respiratory spread: aerosols of infected sources, NOT CONTAGIOUS
- pneumoina: Legionaire’s Disease (life-threatening) and Pontiac fever (milder, self-limiting)
- proliferate inside resident macrophages (granulomatous)–macrophages show eccentric nuclei pushed aside by vacuoles containing L. pneumophila
- alveolar necrosis, fever, nonproductive cough followed by hypoxia leading to death.
- Silver grain stain, Urine antigen test for diagnosis
Legionella pneumophilia
Eddman
- sporadic, familial, iatrogenic (from pituitary of cadaveric victims)
- neurodegenerative -myoclonus, behavioral changes, dementia
- New Variant (vCJD): associated with mad cow
- genetic susceptibility (met-met at codon 129 of gene PRNP -fatal (no cure)
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Eddman
- Light or non-productive cough.
- Non-lobar, very small localizations. “Patchy consolidation” often in lower lung.
- Caused by unexpected organisms (Not: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis)
- Caused by atypical bacteria, viruses, fungi,
- smallest free-living prokaryotes
Atypical pneumonia (Mycoplasmal pneumoniae) = Walking pneumonia
Eddman
- Asia, Vietnam, Korea
- spread by ingesting inadequately cooked freshwater fish
- flat and transparent adult
- lethal due to complications: biliary obstruction, bacterial cholangitis, pancreatitis, cholangiocarcinoma
Clonorchiasis / Liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis)
Eddman
- spread through ingestion of uncooked crab
- Korea, Philippines, Taiwan, China
- peripheral eosinophilia-distinguishing factor against TB + eggs in sputum or stools
- frequently misdiagnoses as tuberculosis
Paragonimiasis / Lung fluke (Paragonimus westermani)
Eddman
- extracellular enteric infection
- diarrheal infection
- self-limiting, unless immunocompromised
- AIDS patients, etc, develop chronic infection with persistent chronic diarrhea that can lead to death
Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium parvum)
Eddman
-
Pinworm Infection (Enterobius vermicularis)
Eddman
- Histoplasma capsulatum.
- Primarily effects lung, typically SELF_LIMITED in HEALTHY.
- Intracellular, macrophages = > granulomatous, may resemble TB. => caseous necrosis + calcifications.
- Can dissemminate bone, spleen, liver, adrenal glands, mucocutaneous membranes–AIDS, immunocompromised–fatal,
Histoplasmosis
Eddman
- Mosquito-born, hemolytic, febrile illness.
- obligate intracellular parasite-replicate, kill human cells
- Equitorial regions (tropics)
- P. falciparum tends to be worst.
- Human reservoire; gametocytes are in human blood and taken up by mosquito
- Reproduce sexually in mosquito = > sporozoites
- Trasmitting to human via bite; go to the liver and form merozoite, perform asexual division.
- Merozoites can invade/multiply within/destroy RBCs. => hemosiderin-laiden Macrophages seen.
- Hepatosplenomegaly
- clumped, infected erythrocytes block blood vessels–hemorrhages, obstruction–acute renal failure with renal blood vessels, intravsascular hemolysis leads to hemoglobinuric nephrosis (blackwater fever)
Malaria (Plasmodium sp: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae)
Eddman
- CSF with leukocytosis,CSF is clear with mild pleocytosis and elevated protein in CNS infection.
- meningoencephalitis (Medulla).
- Fever, Rash, lymphadenopathy, and polyarthropathy.
- not very infectious, but severe disease has moderate mortality
- most dangeous in elderly and immunocompromised
West Nile Virus (Flaviviridae)
Eddman
- antigenically diverse, aerobic (facultatively anaerobic), gram(-) rod, most commensal and opportunistic
- synthesize vitamin K2, virulence after plasmid transfer
- 90% of all urinary tract infections -bladder mucosa infection–dysuria, pyuria (leukocytes in urine)
- Immunocompromised: Pneumonai, sepsis
- neonatal meningitis: colonizes vaginal canal
- Four strains:
- ENTEROTOXIGENIC: traveler’s diarrhea from contaminated water and food, self-limited (Africa, Latin America)–produce 3 enterotoxins–secretory dysfunction of small bowel (one similar to cholera-adenylyl cyclase, other acts on guanylyl cyclase)
- ENTEROPATHOGENIC: diarrheal illness in tropical regions among infants and children, spread from contaminated food and water, deforms microvilli of intestinal epithelial cells, fever + malaise
- ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC: bloody diarrhea, fever, cramping abdominal pain, hemolytic-uremic syndrome (anemia, acute kidney failure, thrombocytopenia), contaminated meat/milk, enterotoxin similar to Shigatoxin
- ENTEROINVASIVE: food-borne DYSENTERY, indistinguishable from shigella (similar toxin to shiga toxin)-self-limited, invades and destroys mucosal cells of ileum and colon. abdominal pain, fever, tenesmus (feeling of incomplete defecation), bloody diarrhea. week long illness
Escherichia coli