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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Any organism or living form that processes or shows the characteristics of life or being alive

A

Term Living

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2
Q

organisation
reproduction
metabolise
grow + develop
adapt + evolve
respond to environment
homeostasis

A

7 characteristics of life

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3
Q

All living things are made up of one or more cells, highly organized, meaning they contain specialized, coordinated parts

A

organisation

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4
Q

Organisms consisting of a single cell

A

Unicellular cell

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5
Q

Organisms consisting of more than 1 cell

A

Multicellular cell

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6
Q

The production of offspring by a sexual or asexual process

A

reproduction

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7
Q

Involves two parents and the fusion of genmites

A

Sexual reproduction

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8
Q

A new genetically identical offspring are formed from a single parent

A

Asexual reproduction

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9
Q

Chemical reactions in the body’s cells that change food into energy

A

Metabolism

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10
Q

Build molecules, promoting growth and repair within organisms, critical for development

A

Anabolic

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11
Q

Break down molecules, releasing energy crucial for cellular activities within organisms

A

catabolic

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12
Q

Grow: Increase in cell size
Develop: Ability to change

A

Growth + Development

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13
Q

Populations of living things can undergo evolution meaning generic makeup may change over time

A

Evolution + Adaptation

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14
Q

Respond to stimuli in their environment
Stimulus: change in environment that causes reaction
Response: react to stimulus

A

Responding to the environment

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15
Q

home:
The body’s self-regulation to keep its internal environment stable amidst external changes, maintaining balance and function.

A

Homeostasis

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16
Q

all living things are composed of one or more cells, cells is the basic unit of structure and organisation, all cells come from pre-existing cells

A

Cell theory

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17
Q

single-celled organism which has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialised organelles, including the bacteria and cyanobacteria. asexual reproduction

A

Prokaryotes

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18
Q

specialised membrane bound structure found within a cell

A

Organel

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19
Q

organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus. Eukaryotes include all living organisms other than the eubacteria and archaea.

A

Eukaryotes

20
Q

The fluid inside a cell but outside the cell’s nucleus. Contains enzymes

A

Cytoplasm

21
Q

The structure of a cell that contains chromosomes.

A

Nucleus

22
Q

the cellular machinery responsible for making proteins.

A

Ribosome

23
Q

membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions

A

Mitochondria

24
Q

vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid.

A

Vacuole

25
Q

plastid in green plant cells which contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place

A

Chloroplasts

26
Q

a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria. In the algae and higher plants it consists mainly of cellulose.

A

A cell wall

27
Q

3 main components to a ?

  1. phospholipids
  2. proteins
  3. cholesterol
A

Cell membrane

28
Q

membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers—proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.

A

Lysosomes

29
Q

semipermeable membrane surrounding the cell and controls the entry and exit of materials. Ensures cell movement of materials to maintain homeostasis.

A

cell membrane

30
Q

a two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer

31
Q

embeded within the two layers of phospholipids, helps molecules across membrane

A

Membrane proteins

32
Q

type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes. Instead of using cellular energy, like active transport, passive transport relies on the second law of thermodynamics to drive the movement of substances across cell membranes.

A

Passive transport

33
Q

movement of substances across the plasma membrane occurs by cellular transport including passive or active transport

A

Membrane transport

34
Q

movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement.

A

active transport

35
Q

form of bulk transport- moves particles into a cell my enclosing in a vesicle made out of plasma membrane. too big to enter through plasma membrane by carrier proteins

A

Endocytosis

36
Q

Form of bulk transport in which materials are transported from inside to outside of a cell in membrane-bound vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.

A

Exocytosis

37
Q

A larger surface area to volume ratio means that there is more surface area available for the exchange of materials, making it easier for the organism to absorb necessary nutrients and eliminate waste products

cell size increases - surface area to volume ratio decreases

A

Surface area + ratio

38
Q

Diffusion of water molecules across a semi permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration of water molecules to an area of lower concentration of water molecules

hypertonic - higher concentration
hypotonic - lower concentration
isotonic - equal concentration

A

Osmosis

39
Q

Chemical substance that is present in the nucleus of cells in living organisms. It controls the chemical changes which take place in cells.

A

DNA

40
Q

large molecule made from a large chain of sub-units called nucleotides

A

DNA structure

41
Q
  1. Sugar called deoxyribose
  2. phosphate ion PO4
  3. An organic base
    (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine)
A

How nucleotides are made

42
Q

Like a glucose but with 5 carbon atoms in its molecule

A

ribose

43
Q

Like a glucose but has 4 (lacks one oxygen atom) not 5 atoms in its molecule.

A

deoxyribose

44
Q

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

how to remember the pairs:
apple in a tree - Adenine and Thymine

Car in a Garage - Cytosine and Guanine

A

4 common organic bases

45
Q
A

Biology Yr 10 (2 decks)

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