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Biology Yr 10 > Bio yr 10 > Flashcards

Bio yr 10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define the term “Living”

A

Any organism or living form that processes or shows the characteristics of life or being alive

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2
Q

List the 7 characteristics of life

A

organisation
reproduction
metabolise
grow + develop
adapt + evolve
respond to environment
homeostasis

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3
Q

What is organisation?

A

All living things are made up of one or more cells

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4
Q

What is a unicellular cell?

A

Organisms consisting of a single cell

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5
Q

What is a multicellular cell?

A

Organisms consisting of more than 1 cell

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6
Q

What is reproduction?

A

The production of offspring by a sexual or asexual process

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7
Q

What is Sexual reproduction?

A

Involved two parents and the fusion of genmites

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7
Q

What is Asexual reproduction?

A

New genetically identical offspring are formed from a single parent

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8
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

Chemical processes that occur within living organisms to maintain life, including energy production and molecule synthesis. It’s like the body’s engine, breaking down food to get energy and building blocks for growth and repair

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9
Q

What is Anabolic?

A

Build molecules, promoting growth and repair within organisms, critical for development

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10
Q

What is Catabolic?

A

Break down molecules, releasing energy crucial for cellular activities within organisms

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11
Q

Growth + Development

A

Grow: Increase in cell size
Develop: Ability to change

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12
Q

Evolution + Adaptation

A

Populations of living things can undergo evolution meaning generic makeup may change over time

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13
Q

Responding to the environment

A

Respond to stimuli in their environment
Stimulus: change in environment that causes reaction
Response: react to stimulus

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14
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

The body’s self-regulation to keep its internal environment stable amidst external changes, maintaining balance and function.

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15
Q

What is Cell Theory?

A

all living things are composed of one or more cells, cells is the basic unit of structure and organisation, all cells come from pre-existing cells

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16
Q

What are Prokaryotes?

A

single-celled organism which has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialised organelles, including the bacteria and cyanobacteria. asexual reproduction

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17
Q

What is an Organel?

A

specialised membrane bound structure found within a cell

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17
Q

What are Eukaryotes?

A

organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus. Eukaryotes include all living organisms other than the eubacteria and archaea.

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18
Q

Where is the animal cell membrane located?

A

outer most layer

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18
Q

where is the plant cell membrane located?

A

located just beneath the cell wall

19
Q

What is Cytoplasm?

A

The fluid inside a cell but outside the cell’s nucleus. Contains enzymes

19
Q

Where is a nucleus located in a plant cell?

A

in the centre of the cell

20
Q

What is a Nucleus?

A

The structure of a cell that contains chromosomes.

21
Q

Where is the nucleus located in an animal cell?

A

located to the side of the cell due to the central position of the large vacuole

21
Q

What are Ribosomes?

A

the cellular machinery responsible for making proteins.

22
Q

What are Mitochondria?

A

membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions

23
Q

What is a Vacuole?

A

vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid.

23
Q

What are Chloroplasts?

A

plastid in green plant cells which contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place

23
Q

What is a cell wall?

A

a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria. In the algae and higher plants it consists mainly of cellulose.

24
Q

what are the 3 main components to a cell membrane?

A
  1. phospholipids
  2. proteins
  3. cholesterol
24
Q

What are Lysosomes?

A

membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers—proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.

24
Q

What is a Cell Membrane?

A

semipermeable membrane surrounding the cell and controls the entry and exit of materials. Ensures cell movement of materials to maintain homeostasis.

25
Q

What is a phospholipid bilayer?

A

a two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane

26
Q

What are membrane proteins?

A

embeded within the two layers of phospholipids, helps molecules across membrane

27
Q

What is Passive Transport?

A

type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes. Instead of using cellular energy, like active transport, passive transport relies on the second law of thermodynamics to drive the movement of substances across cell membranes.

27
Q

What is Membrane transport?

A

movement of substances across the plasma membrane occurs by cellular transport including passive or active transport

28
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement.

28
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

form of bulk transport- moves particles into a cell my enclosing in a vesicle made out of plasma membrane. too big to enter through plasma membrane by carrier proteins

28
Q

What is Exocytosis?

A

Form of bulk transport in which materials are transported from inside to outside of a cell in membrane-bound vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.

28
Q

Why surface area to ratio is important

A

A larger surface area to volume ratio means that there is more surface area available for the exchange of materials, making it easier for the organism to absorb necessary nutrients and eliminate waste products

cell size increases - surface area to volume ratio decreases

29
Q

What happens if surface area and volume get too small?

A

the cell can no longer grow and needs organelles to help transport materials around the cell.

30
Q

How can cells increase their surface area and volume?

A

Some cells have folds in their membranes, which increase their surface area to volume ratio

31
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water molecules across a semi permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration of water molecules to an area of lower concentration of water molecules

hypertonic - higher concentration
hypotonic - lower concentration
isotonic - equal concentration

32
Q

What is Deoxyribose nucliec acid (DNA)?

A

Chemical substance that is present in the nucleus of cells in living organisms. It controls the chemical changes which take place in cells.

33
Q

What is a Deoxyribose nucliec acid (DNA) structure?

A

large molecule made from a large chain of sub-units called nucleotides

34
Q

What are Nucleotides made up of?

A
  1. Sugar called deoxyribose
  2. phosphate ion PO4
  3. An organic base
    (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine)
35
Q

What is Ribose?

A

Like a glucose but with 5 carbon atoms in its molecule

36
Q

What is Deoxyribose?

A

Like a glucose but has 4 (lacks one oxygen atom) not 5 atoms in its molecule.

37
Q

What are the 4 common organic bases?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

how to remember the pairs:
apple in a tree - Adenine and Thymine

Car in a Garage - Cytosine and Guanine

38
Q

How to form nucleotide?

A

Deoxyribose + PO4 + one organic base

Biology Yr 10 (2 decks)

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