Reu 3 - Joint Basics

Question 1

What is an example of a Ball and socket joint?

Answer 1

Shoulder and hips.

Question 2

What is an example of a gliding joint?

Answer 2

Metatarsals of your feet.

Question 3

What is an example of a saddle joint?

Answer 3

Base of your thumb.

Question 4

What is an example of a pivot joint?

Answer 4

Neck.

Question 5

Which cells maintain the cartilage? And where are they derived from?

Answer 5

Chondrocytes. They are derived from mesenchymal stem cells.

Question 6

Which type of hip dislocation is the most common?

Answer 6

Posterior hip dislocation; the femoral head slips out of the acetabulum posteriorly (90%).

Question 7

What structures can be damaged in a posterior dislocation of the hip?

Answer 7

Medial circumflex artery, Lateral circumflex artery, Femoral vein, Femoral nerve, and head of femur.

Question 8

What is reduction in terms of trauma? What is the difference between open and closed reduction?

Answer 8

Reduction is putting the bone back in place in after a dislocation. Closed reduction is doing it w/o surgery. Open is doing with surgery.

Question 9

What is ORIF in trauma?

Answer 9

Open reduction internal fixation: open surgery plus pins and screws to fix it in place.

Question 10

What is the unhappy triad?

Answer 10

Damage of the knee by the force applied to lateral apsect of knee while foot is planted. The Medial collateral ligament and the Anterior cruciate ligament are going to def get damaged. Then it might be the Lateral meniscus (56%) or Medial meniscus (44%). MAL or MAM.

Question 11

How do we determine that the ACL has been injured?

Answer 11

Do the Anterior Drawer Test: flex the patient’s knee and pull the tibia anteriorly; if the tibia moves farther anteriorly than it should, it is a positive sign.

Question 12

What is the Patellofemoral Syndrome?

Answer 12

Is the leading cause of knee pain in patients under age 45. It typically presents with anterior knee pain that is exacerbated by activity.

Question 13

What are the treatment options of patellofemoral syndrome?

Answer 13

Strengthening the quadriceps muscles. Stretching exercises (hamstrings, calves, hip, iliotibial band). Minimize activities that put excessive stress on the knee. Maximize walking and other low-impact exercise.

Question 14

What is a bursa?

Answer 14

It is a padded tissue between a bone and a tendon, helps to reduce friction with movement.

Question 15

What is a strain?

Answer 15

When you stretch a ligament too far and tears a little bit in a microscopic level.

Question 16

What is the most common ligament affected in an ankle sprain?

Answer 16

[Always Tears First Ligament ATFL]

Anterior TaloFibular Ligament.

Question 17

What is the treatment for ankle sprain?

Answer 17

[RICE]

Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation. NSAIDs, range of motion exercises.

Question 18

What are the characteristics of Plantar fasciitis?

Answer 18

Pain beneath the calcaneus or in the medial arch, worse with the first steps in the morning and after weight-bearing. Local point tenderness at the medial tubercle of the calcaneus. (+/-) heel spur on x-ray.

Question 19

What is the treatment for Plantar fasciitis?

Answer 19

Can take up to 2 years, NSAIDs, Dorsiflexion with night splints, Stretching the plantar fascia and Achilles tendon, OTC heel inserts, local steroid injections, severe cases: Surgical release of plantar fascia.

Question 20

What are the four rotator cuff muscles?

Answer 20

[SItS]

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, teres minor, Subscapularis.

Question 21

Which rotator cuff muscle initiates the first 15 degrees of abduction of the arm?

Answer 21

Supraspinatus muscle.

Question 22

What two rotator cuff muscles rotate the arm laterally or externally?

Answer 22

The teres minor and Infraspinatus.

Question 23

Which rotator cuff muscle rotates the arm internally/medially?

Answer 23

Subscapularis.

Question 24

What is Shoulder Impingement Syndrome?

Answer 24

When subcramial bursa and/or supraspinatus tendon and muscle get trapped and impinged byt the acromion process during abduction. Associated with repetitive overhead activity like swimming, pitching baseball or playing tennis.

Question 25

How is subacromial bursitis treated?

Answer 25

NSAIDs or steroid injections right in the bursa.

Question 26

What is the difference between a dislocated shoulder and a separated shoulder?

Answer 26

Dislocated: head of humerus our of glenoid cavity. Separated: clavicle separated from acromion and coracoid process of the scapula.

Question 27

What structures can be damaged in an anterior shoulder dislocation?

Answer 27

Axillary nerve and posterior circumflex artery, supraspinatus tendon, Bankart lesion, Hill-Sachs lesion.

Question 28

What is a Bankart Lesion?

Answer 28

Anterio glenohumeral ligaments and glenoid labrum separation from the articular surface of the anterior glenoid neck.

Question 29

What is a Hill-Sachs lesion?

Answer 29

Posteriolateral humeral head defect (due to abrasion against the anterior rim of the glenoid.

Question 30

What is Adhesive Capsulitis?

Answer 30

AKA frozen shoulder, it is severe shoulder adhesion that lock the shoulder in place; seem with disuse of the shoulder due to pain or prolonged immobilization. There is restricted use of the shoulder, plain x-ray are normal, arthrogram shows constriction of the joint capsule and loss of axillary and subscapularis spaces.

Question 31

What is the treatment for Adhesive capsulitis?

Answer 31

Glenohumeral joint injection, subacromial joint injection, heat and analgesia, physical therapy to increase range of motion, recovery may take more than a year. If they dont recover, break the adhesions under anesthesia.

Question 32

What is the presentation of biceps tendon rupture?

Answer 32

Can tear at the elbow or at the shoulder, causes a lot of bruising in the area and a bulge in the middle of the biceps when flexing.

Question 33

What is Lateral epicondylitis?

Answer 33

AKA Tennis elbow, it is inflammation of lateral epicondyle, tears in wrist extensor tendons.

Question 34

What is Medial epicondylitis?

Answer 34

AKA Golfer’s elbow, it is Injury to medial epicondyle and wrist flexors.

Question 35

What is the treatment for Olecranon Bursitis?

Answer 35

It is draining it with a syringe, and maybe putting some steroids in it. Simple procedure without much repercussion.

Question 36

What are all the Bones of the Wrist?

Answer 36

[So long the Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb]

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium.

Question 37

What bone is most likely fractured if there is pain in the anatomical snuffbox?

Answer 37

Scaphoid bone.

Question 38

What is Dupuytren Contracture?

Answer 38

Contraction of one or more fingers due to a painless thickening of the flexor tendons on the thumb. Most commonly affects the fourth finger.

Question 39

What ligaments are typically injured in an ankle sprain?

Answer 39

Anterior talofibular ligament, Calcaneofibular ligament, Posterior talofibular ligament.

Question 40

What is the leading cause of knee pain in patients younger than 45?

Answer 40

Patellofemoral syndrome.

Question 41

What is another name for Housemaid’s knee?

Answer 41

Prepatellar bursitis.

Question 42

What is another name for Clergyman’s knee?

Answer 42

Infrapatellar bursitis.

Question 43

Which antibiotic class is know to increase the risk of tendon rupture?

Answer 43

Fluoroquinolones.

Question 44

RFF: Positive anterior drawer sign.

Answer 44

ACL injury.

Question 45

What is an example of a hinge joint?

Answer 45

The elbow.