Retroviruses and Influenza

Question 1

Name the three proteins that retroviruses package into their caspid.

Answer 1

Integrase
Protease (because it makes a single polypeptide and then chops it up)
Reverse Transcriptase

Question 2

What are the three genes in simple retroviruses?

Answer 2

Gag: makes the core proteins (structural component)

Pol: gene for RT

Env: makes the envelope protein that coats the outside of the virus

Question 3

HIV entry is triggered by receptor engagement. Majorly on what type of cell?

Answer 3

CD4 T cells

Question 4

What coreceptors does HIV need? What distinguishes the two in effects?

Answer 4

CCR5: associated with virus transmission (M-tropic strains)
“macrophage associated”

coreceptor switch:

CXCR4: associated with disease progression (T-tropic strains)

Question 5

People with a nonfunctional ___ are naturally resistant to HIV

Answer 5

CCR5

Question 6

HIV is a lentivirus. What does that mean?

Answer 6

any of a group of retroviruses producing illnesses characterized by a delay in the onset of symptoms after infection

Question 7

What is the clinical indicator for HIV

Answer 7

HIV infected persons with CD4 < 200
or
having an AIDS associated illness

Question 8

HIV is really meaning HIV 1 or 2?

Answer 8

HIV1: high virulence, high infectivity, global

that’s what we’re usually talking about

HIV 2: isolated to west Africa, not virulent or infectivity

Question 9

What is happening during HIV’s latent period?

Answer 9

replication of virions

Question 10

If someone comes in with mono like symptoms, what do you test for?

Answer 10

EBV, CMV, HIV

strep, flu

Question 11

What predicts progression to death?

Answer 11

Viral RNA levels, not CD4+ count

Question 12

What are the two ways Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors can work?

Answer 12

a) chain termination:

triphosphate unable to form 5’ - 3’ phosphodiester linkages involved in DNA elongation

b) competitive inhibition: AZT binds to and inhibits DNA polymerase activities of RT

Question 13

What are non-nucleoside RTI’s?

Answer 13

also bind to and inhibit RT distant to active site and inhibits enzyme activity

Question 14

ART has 6 drug classes. 3 drugs from at least two classes: start early after infection is detected

often it’s 2 NRTIs and a third

What are the six?

Answer 14

CCR5 antagonist
fusion inhibitor
NRTI
NNRTI
Integrase inhibitor
Protease inhibitor

Question 15

Why is HIV associated with lifetime persistence?

Answer 15

latent reservoir of CD4+ T cells with integrated HIV-1 DNA

Question 16

If you know there is a child (mother) or partner of HIV, what do you do?

Answer 16

you can use HIV drugs as prophylactic