Retroviruses

Question 1

retrovirus general facts

Answer 1

lipid bilayer envelope, ss + sense RNA, reverse transcriptase included, 10kb, (gag, pol, and env)

Question 2

gag

Answer 2

processed to matrix and other core proteins that determine retroviral core

Question 3

pol

Answer 3

reverse transcriptase, RNase H and integrase

Question 4

Env

Answer 4

envelop protein, resides in bilayer, determines viral tropism

Question 5

HTLV

Answer 5

deltaretrovirus/oncovirus, infect CD4+ lymphocytes

Question 6

HIV

Answer 6

lentivirus

Question 7

pink blocks (DNA segments) near env

Answer 7

represent specific factors allowing for a more complex virus (not strictly necessary for survival, however)

Question 8

HERV

Answer 8

human endogenous retroviruses, inactive, 8% of human genome

Question 9

HTLV-1

Answer 9

adult T cell leukemia, tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1 associated myelopathy

Question 10

HTLV-2

Answer 10

maybe hairy cell leukemia

Question 11

HTLV-3

Answer 11

something, something, maybe in Cameroon

Question 12

HTLV-1 transmission

Answer 12

sexually, blood, peripartum (utero/breast milk), 30 YEAR incubation time,

Question 13

HTLV assocaited HAM/TSP

Answer 13

tropical spastic paraparesis, weakness, bladder and bowel dysfunction, mediated by virally infected lymphocytes and/or the immune response

Question 14

HTLV-1 MO

Answer 14

stimulates Th1 proliferation (cellular immunity and cytokines) and downregulates Th2 cells (humoral immunity)

Question 15

treatments for HTLV-1

Answer 15

chemo, anti-cancer drugs, IFN-alpha, symptom based

Question 16

lentivirus groups

Answer 16

5: BIV, CAEV (sheep/goat), FIV, EIAV, HIV/SIV

Question 17

major type of HIV found in the USA

Answer 17

HIV-1, group M, clade B

Question 18

transmission of HIV

Answer 18

heterosexual sex, mother to child transmission under control (can plan for a family)

Question 19

inside HIV

Answer 19

integrase, nucleocapsid, RNA, reverse transcriptase, A LOT of actin

Question 20

hypothetical targets for drug therapy

Answer 20

host proteins required for the virus but not the cell

Question 21

attachment

Answer 21

first gp120 to CD4, then gp41 to CXCR4 or CCR5

Question 22

gp120

Answer 22

made as gp160 and then cleaved

Question 23

CD4 receptor

Answer 23

found on T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and macrophages

Question 24

CCR5

Answer 24

M tropic, macrophages (most viruses use this, at least initially)

Question 25

CXCR4

Answer 25

T tropic, t cells

Question 26

AZT

Answer 26

NRTI

Question 27

tenofovir

Answer 27

NRTI

Question 28

NNRTI

Answer 28

non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor —> blocks the reverse transcriptase ENZYME

Question 29

HIV can enter

Answer 29

in the resting phase of the cell (no need for active replication)

Question 30

purpose of over expressing tether proteins

Answer 30

gets the virus stuck to the cell of origin

Question 31

sites of antiretroviral drug action

Answer 31

fusion, reverse transcription, integration, protease inhibitors

Question 32

try VERY HARD

Answer 32

to catch HIV in its very early stages

Question 33

HIV is manifested

Answer 33

not through direct effects of the virus but through the proliferation of opportunistic infections – loss of “pathogen-specific immunity” (clinical, not virological latency)

Question 34

level of viremia in HIV

Answer 34

predicts CD4+ T cell loss