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104 Theme 3 - Kidneys and Urinary Tract > Retroperitoneal organs of the posterior abdominal wall > Flashcards

Retroperitoneal organs of the posterior abdominal wall Flashcards

1
Q

What is the retroperitoneal space?

A

A space within the abdominopelvic cavity

“Retro” refers to “behind”

-Whereas “intra” means “within”

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2
Q

Where is the retroperitoneal space?

A

The space is posterior to the parietal peritoneum

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3
Q

What are primary and secondary retroperitoneal structures?

A
  • Primary develop in the retroperitoneally
  • Secondary develop intraperitoneally and then become retroperitoneal
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4
Q

What are the retroperitoneal structures?

A
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5
Q

Which portions of the colon are retroperitoneal?

A.Ascending

B.Descending

C.Ileum

D.Jejunum

E.Transverse

A

A.Ascending

B.Descending

Secondary retroperitoneal

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6
Q

What is the urinary system?

A
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7
Q

Where are the kidneys?

A

Located on the posterior abdominal wall

Span from T12 - L3

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8
Q

What are the kidneys responsible for?

A
  • Regulating blood:
  • ionic composition & pH
  • volume & pressure
  • Hormone production (e.g. calcitriol)
  • Excretion of waste
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9
Q

Kidneys recieve ~___% of cardiac output

A

20

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10
Q

What are the 2 regions of the kidney?

A
  • Cortex - Glomerulus
  • Medulla - Collecting ducts
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11
Q
A
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12
Q

What happens in the kidney?

A

Blood is filtered at the glomerulus

Selective absorption of ions and water occurs

Urine is then passed into the ureters

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13
Q

Lable the internal anatomy of the kidney

A
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14
Q
A
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15
Q

How are kidneys imaged?

A

Contrast radiography, CT or MRI needed

-Due to soft tissues

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16
Q

What muscles are labelled?

A
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17
Q

What is renal pain caused by?

A
  • Stretching capsule, due to increased internal pressure
  • Spasm of smooth muscle of the renal pelvis
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18
Q

Where is renal pain felt?

A

Renal pain is generally referred to the cutaneous area of T12

-Territory of the subcostal nerve

19
Q

Where is renal pain felt?

A
20
Q

How is a renal transplant performed?

A

Fairly common surgical procedure - Video

The implanted kidney is inserted into iliac fossa

-Accessed via an incision over and parallel to the inguinal ligament

The vessels are then anastomosed:

  • Renal artery to external iliac artery
  • Renal vein to external iliac vein

It is vital to tag which vessel is which

A ureterocystostomy is then done straight into bladder

21
Q

Kidneys are the most prevalent organ to suffer _________

A

Kidneys are the most prevalent organ to suffer malformations

22
Q

What malformations can kidneys cause?

A
  • Bilateral/Unilateral renal agenesis
  • Supernumerary kidneys
  • Renal fusion
  • Ectopic kidney
  • Simple/polycystic kidney
23
Q

Label the kidney malformation and the types shown

A
24
Q

Label the types of kidney malformation

A
25
Q

What blood vessel will prevent a horseshoe kidney from ascending to its anatomical position in the upper abdomen?

A.Coeliac trunk

B.Gonadal vein

C.Inferior mesenteric artery

D.Superior mesenteric artery

E.Umbilical vein

A

C.Inferior mesenteric artery

26
Q

What are the suprarenal/adrenal glands?

A

Supra = above

Separate from kidneys in own fascial compartment

Shape:

Right - pyramidal

Left - semilunar

27
Q

What is the internal anatomy of the adrenal glands?

A
  • Cortex:
  • Corticosteroids (e.g. cortisol)
  • Sex hormones (e.g. progesterone)
  • Medulla:
  • Adrenaline (epinephrine)
28
Q

Label the diagram

A
29
Q

What is the neurovascular supply to the adrenal glands?

A
  • Sup., Mid. & Inf. suprarenal arteries
  • Suprarenal veins
  • Abdominopelvic n. (greater, less and least splanchnic)
30
Q

Why is the extensive blood supply to the adrenal gland functionally significant?

A.Close relation to the abdominal aorta

B.Close relation to the kidneys

C.High metabolic rate

D.It is an endocrine gland

Removal of damaged red blood cells

A

D.It is an endocrine gland

31
Q

What are the ureters?

A

Muscular tubes to convey urine to the bladder

32
Q

How do kidney stones form?

A

Calculi can become lodged in the ureter preventing urine flow.

The three narrowest points are:

  • Pelviureteric junction
  • Crossing iliac vessels/pelvic brim
  • entering bladder
33
Q

What is circled in red?

A

Calculi can become lodged in the ureter preventing urine flow.

The three narrowest points are:

  • Pelviureteric junction
  • Crossing iliac vessels/pelvic brim
  • entering bladder

(circled in red)

34
Q

Can kidney stones be seen on imaging?

A

Can be seen on plain film radiographs

Highlights the kidney stones as the soft tissue of the ureter is not generally visible on x-rays.

35
Q

Whats the diagnosis?

A
36
Q

How can CT urography be used?

A

-CT utilising contrast medium to highlight the urine production and excretion

37
Q

What are the causes of renal colic?

A

Cause of renal colic

  • Pain caused by peristaltic movement of ureters trying to move the stone
  • Generally felt in waves, but can also be felt on the skin
38
Q

What is the standard treatment for kidney stones?

A.Diuretics

B.IV fluids

C.Laparoscopic surgery

D.Pain management

E.Shock wave lithotripsy

A

E.Shock wave lithotripsy

39
Q

What is the bladder?

A

The bladder is the distensible muscular sac which acts as a reservoir for urine

40
Q

What is the urethra?

A

The urethra is the muscular duct which conveys urine from the bladder to the external environment

41
Q

What are the 2 differences between male and female urethras?

A
  • Length differs greatly between males and females
  • It also serves a reproductive purpose in males
42
Q

Which group is more likely to contract a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

A.Children

B.Females

C.Males

D.Smokers

Under 30s

A

B.Females

43
Q

Which structures pass through the hilum of the kidney?

A

the renal vein and artery

accompanying autonomic nerves and lymphatics

pelvis of the ureter

104 Theme 3 - Kidneys and Urinary Tract (13 decks)

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