Retrieval failure Flashcards
How can retrieval failure occur due to the absence of cues
- lack of cues can cause retrieval failure
- some cues have meaning linked to the memory
What is encoding specificity principle
Tulving suggested that cues help retrieval if the same cues are present at encoding and at retrieval
-the closer the retrieval cue to the original, the better the cue works
Which other ways are cues encoded at the time of learning but not in a meaningful way
- context dependent forgetting : when memory retrieval is dependent on an external cue
- state dependent forgetting: memory retrieval is dependent on an internal cue, state of mind
Procedure of Godden and Baddeley 1975: context dependent forgetting
-cues were the context where learning and recall took place - on land or underwater
deep sea divers learned word lists and were later asked to recall them
G1 learn on land recall on land
G2 learn on land recall underwater
G3 learn underwater- recall on land
G4 learn underwater recall underwater
Godden and Baddeley findings (2) context dependent forgetting
- when the environmental contexts of learning and recall did not match , accurate recall was 40% lower than when they did match
- when external cues available at learning were different from the ones at recall , this lead to retrieval failure due to lack of cues
Godden and Baddeley conclusions: context dependent forgetting
- context dependent forgetting becuase of information was not accessible when context at recall did not match context at learning
name 2 strengths: context dependent forgetting
- context related cues have useful everyday applications
- impressive range of evidence supports this explanation of forgetting (Eysenck)
name 2 limitations: context dependent forgetting
- context effects are actually not very strong in real life
- context effects only occurs when memory is tested in certain ways
