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B7 Ocular > Retinal Topography And Vasculature > Flashcards

Retinal Topography And Vasculature Flashcards

1
Q

Neural tunic of the eye?

A

Retina

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2
Q

The retina is important to optometrists because it’s the window into the…

A

CNS and cardiovascular system

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3
Q

Light energy being transformed into a neural signal

A

Phototransduction

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4
Q

Where is the neural signal modified from light energy?

A

Within the retina

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5
Q

What are the 1st 3 cells of the visual pathway within the retina?

A

1st - photoreceptors

2nd - bipolar cells

3rd - ganglion cells

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6
Q

What is the importance of neuroglial cells in the retina?

A

To maintain and buffer the environment

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7
Q

How many layers are there of the retina?

It’s divided into 2 categories, what are they?

A

10 layers.

Inner 9 are the Sensory/Neural Retina

Outermost 10th is the RPE

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8
Q

___________________ span the Outer Retina. What layers are in the Outer retina?

A

Photoreceptors

Photoreceptor layer, external limiting membrane, outer nuclear layer, and outer plexiform layer

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9
Q

What is the role of photoreceptors?

A

To absorb light photons and convert them into an electrochemical even (nerve signal)

Phototransduction!

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10
Q

What are the 2 kinds of photoreceptors in the retina?

A

Rods and cones

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11
Q

How many cones are there? What type of illumination are they used for?

A

5-6 million, 10% in fovea

Bright! And color.

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12
Q

What are the 3 photopigments stored in the disc membrane that are sensitive to different wavelengths?

A

Conopsins:

  1. S-cones (blue) 420 nm
  2. M-cones (green) 531 nm
  3. L-cones (red) 588 nm
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13
Q

What type of photoreceptors are only found in the Fovea?

A

Cones!

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14
Q

What type of conopsins are not found in the center of the fovea?

A

S-cones

Only M and L cones

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15
Q

What is the test used to tell a normal eye from a dichromat eye? What Photoreceptor are you testing?

A

Ishihara plate

Cones

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16
Q

How many rods are there? What type of illumination do they sense?

A

92-120 million

Dim vision, scotopic.

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17
Q

What type of photopigment is located in the disc membrane of the rods? What wavelength do they sense?

A

Rhodopsin

498 nm

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18
Q

Where is the peak density of cones on the retina?

A

A ring about 4.5 mm outside the fovea. Where macular degeneration usually occurs

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19
Q

Are there rods in the fovea?

A

No! Just CONES

20
Q

The 2nd neuron cells are the..

A

Cone/rod bipolar cells

21
Q

The 3rd neurons are the…

A

Retinal ganglion cell layers (they’re the major output cells)

22
Q

What layer of the retina starts to die off in Glaucoma?

A

Retinal ganglion cell layer

23
Q

Retinal thickness ranges from __ microns to ___ microns. Where is it the thinnest and thickest?

A

80 to 320 microns.

Thinnest- ora serrata (80)

Thickest - foveal rim (320) (fovea is only 150-200 microns)

24
Q

What is the central retina?

A

Posterior Pole or Macula or Area Centralis

Dense population of cone photoreceptors

Color vision and fine detail

25
Q

Where is color vision and fine detail discriminated?

A

Central retina/macula/posterior pole/area centralis

CONES

26
Q

What is the peripheral retina?

A

Dense population of rod photoreceptors outside of the macula.

For night vision and motion detection

27
Q

What part of the retina is for night vision and motion detection?

A

Peripheral retina

28
Q

What is the only area of the retina to contain more than 1 layer of retinal ganglion cells?

A

Macula

29
Q

The macula contains high levels of…

A

Carotenoids

30
Q

In the fovea, the walls slope giving rise to the light reflex known as…

A

Foveal reflex

31
Q

In the fovea, the sloping is known as:

The center is the:

A

Clivus

Foveola

32
Q

Part of the fovea where there is dense packing of cones that makes them appear rod-like in structure

A

Foveola

33
Q

Where can you find the high accumulation of bipolar and retinal ganglion cells?

A

Parafovea. Extends 0.5 mm rom foveal rim

34
Q

Cone inner fibers that are oriented within the fovea are called:

The OPL in the fovea is often referred to as:

A

Henle fibers.

Henle’ fiber layer.

Nice.

35
Q

Where does the peripheral retina terminate?

A

Ora serrata

36
Q

The retina has a high demand for _________ .

The outer retina is supplied by the ___________. Then inner retina is supplied by __________ ________.

A

Oxygen

Choroid

Retinal vessels

37
Q

Are artery supplies the macula?

A

Cilioretinal artery

38
Q

What artery enters the eye through an aperture in the lamina cribrosa of the optic disc?

This artery is position slightly _________ in the nerve.

A

Central Retinal Artery

Nasal

39
Q

What is the artery:vein ration in the eye?

A

2:3

40
Q

The Central Retinal Artery loses its __________ ____________ as it enters they eye, and is replaced with a _________ _________.

A

Tunica elasticum. (Internal elastic shell)

This is what’s distinguishes it from other muscular arteries in the body

Tunica media (smooth muscle to enhance constriction of vessel)

41
Q

What is the outermost later of blood vessels?

Is it thicker/thinner in veins?

A

Tunica adventitia. (Connective tissue)

Thicker in veins

42
Q

Control of vasomotor tone is ________________ in the retina, unlike the choroid, where it is _______________.

A

Autoregulated

Neuroregulated

43
Q

3 parts of retinal capillaries

A
  1. Endothelium
  2. Basal lamina
  3. Pericytes
44
Q

These structures expand and contract on the capillaries in the retina and are sensitive to Aldose Reductase.

What problems are prevalent here due to sugar?

A

Pericytes

Diabetes!

45
Q

Macular edema can lead to a ____________ shift

A

Hyperopic

B7 Ocular (6 decks)

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