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Ocular Phys Block 11 > Retinal Synapses And Retinal Aging > Flashcards

Retinal Synapses And Retinal Aging Flashcards

1
Q

Big overview of phototrsnaducrtion

A

Photo receptions
Biochemical cascade (channel closure)
Electronic spread
Slowing of glutamate

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2
Q

Retinal cells and layers

A 
Rods 
Cods 
Horizontal cells 
Bipolar cells 
Amacrine cells 
Retinal ganglion cells
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3
Q

What layer is closest to outermost layer of retina

A

RPE

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4
Q

All the cells in the retina are

A

Neurons

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5
Q

A junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a NT

A

Synapse

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6
Q

NT in retina

A

Glutamate

GABA and glycine

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7
Q

Excitatory NT in retina

A

Glutamate

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8
Q

Inhibitory NT of retina

A

GABA and glycine

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9
Q

A change in a cells membrane potential that makes it more negative. It is the opposite of a depolarization. It inhibits AP by increasing the stimulus required to move the membrane potential to the AP threshold

A

Hyperpolarization

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10
Q

Change within a cell, during which the cell undergoes a shift in electric charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge insid the cell

A

Depolarization

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11
Q

Light signal transmission

A
  • light evoked signals are transferred onto bipolar and horixaonly cells
  • horizaontl cells provide lateral interactions in the OPL
  • bipolar cells transfer the light signals into the IPL, onto the amacrine and ganglion cells
  • ganglion cells collect the signals of bipolar and machine cells and transmit these signals to the visual centers of the brain
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12
Q

NT of the cone pedicle

A

Glutamate

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13
Q

Synaptic terminal of cone

A

Pedicle

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14
Q

When is glutamate high in cones

A

In darkness

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15
Q

When is glutamate rediced in cone

A

Reduced by light

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16
Q

Off cone bipolar cells and horizaontla cells ______ by light

A

Hyperpolarizaed

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17
Q

On cone bipolar cells _____ by light

A

Depolarized

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18
Q

Off cone bipolar cells transfer signals onto ______ ganglion cells

A

Off

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19
Q

On cone bipolar cells transfer signal onto _____ ganglion cells

A

ON

20
Q

Concomitant with the increase in density, the bipolar cells and ganglion cells dendritic fields become _______ (midget bipolar and midget ganglion cells)

A

Smaller

21
Q

The optimized VA in central retina required a high ________ and a low ______

A

Cone density

Cone-RGC ratio

22
Q

One cone connected to a midget bipolar cell connected to a midget ganglion cell

A

Midget system

23
Q

Synaptic terminal of rods

A

Spherules

24
Q

NT of rods

A

Glutamate

25
Q

NT of rods

A

Glutamate

26
Q

When is glutamate higher in rods

A

Darkness

27
Q

When is glutamate lowest in rods

A

Light

28
Q

What are the types of rod bipolar cells

A

There is only one type, ON rod bipolar cells depolarized by light

29
Q

Tranmission of the rod signal

A 
Rods
-on rods bipolar (depolarized)
-amacrine cells (depolarized) 
—glutamate: On cone bipolar cells 
—
30
Q

Where do horizaontl cells synapse

A

Rod spherules and cone pedicle

31
Q

Horizaontl cells to cone pedicle

A

Modulated by glutamate release by shifts the activation curves of the cone pedicle Ca2+ channels

32
Q

Rod spherules and horizontal cells

A
  • modulate the glutamate release by shifts the activation curves of the rod spherules Ca2+ channels
  • release of GABA providing inhibition of bipolar cell dendrites
33
Q

Glutamatergic neurons

A

Rods, cones,bipolar cells and most ganglion cells

34
Q

GABAergic and Glycinergic neurons

A

Horixaonral cells and most amacrine cells

35
Q

Nerve fibers and aging

A

Within the optic nerve, they decrease. Optic cup diameter increases

36
Q

ILM and age

A

Thickens with age, thus fovea reflex become dimmer

37
Q

RPE cells and aging

A

Total number of RPE cells decrease significantly with age; lipofuscin within RPE cells increases and Drusen increases

38
Q

Retinal atrophy and aging

A

Increases throughout the retina

39
Q

Tigroid fundus

A

Age related retinal atrophy
Pigmentation in RPE/choroid decreases
-visibility of hidden choroidal vessels
-common in ocular albinism

40
Q

Reticular degeneration

A

Age related retinal atrophy: peripheral RPE degeneration

41
Q

Which type of cells plays a role in transmitting cones signal to RGC?

A

Cone bipolar cells

42
Q

Which types of cells plays a role in transmitting rod signal to RGC?

A

Rod bipolar cells and amacrine cells

43
Q

What changes does ON bipolar cells have with light

A

Depolarization

44
Q

What kind of NT do bipolar cells contain?

A

Glutamate

45
Q

When the center of RGCs receptive field is exposed to light, which type of RGC is stimulated?

A

On center RGC

46
Q

Which finding is likely related to aging changes in retina

A

Dimmer fovea reflex

Ocular Phys Block 11 (6 decks)

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