Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Posterior Segment > Retinal Hemorrhages and Exudates > Flashcards

Retinal Hemorrhages and Exudates Flashcards

1
Q

What capillary network is mostly affected by artery disease? What hemorrhages do we see with these?

A

Superficial (inner) capillary network
(pre-retinal hemorrhage, flame shaped hemorrhage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What capillary network is mostly affected by vein disease? What hemorrhages do we see with these?

A

Deep capillary network
(dot blot hemorrhage, intraretinal hemorrhage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What layers of the retina are pre-retinal hemorrhages found? What are they associated with?

A

Between the internal limiting membrane and the nerve fiber layer.
Associated with the superficial capillary network or the circumpapillary zone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does a pre-retinal hemorrhage look like? Why do you see a well demarcated line with a pre-retinal hemorrhage?

A

Looks like an elevated bubble with blood inside.
Gravity pulls the blood downward creating a line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What visual effects can you get from pre-retinal hemorrhages? After resolution?

A

Decreased VA
Scotoma/ VF defects

After resolution, patient can go back to 20/20 acuity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the most common causes of pre-retinal hemorrhages?

A

-Valsava (exhaling but airway blocked, like vomiting, holding a sneeze, lifting)
-Posterior vitreous detachment
-Diabetes Mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What colors can a pre-retinal hemorrhage be? Why?

A

red, yellow, white.
Acute is red due to fresh oxygenated blood. As time goes on it loses oxygen and changes to yellow, then white.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What layer of the retina are flame-shaped hemorrhages found?

A

Nerve fiber layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What capillary network is associated with with flame hemorrhages?

A

Superficial capillary network or radial network of the circumpapillay zone, in nerve fiber layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does a flame hemorrhage tell us?

A

-Located in NFL
-Superficial capillary network or radial circumpapillary zone
-Artery based disease
-area of localized retinal hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some visual effects of flame hemorrhages and what would you watch for?

A

Usually no effect on VA but could have scotoma if hemorrhage is big enough
- watch for neovascularization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Most common systemic disease that causes flame hemes?

A

hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

If you see a flame hemorrhage located on the optic nerve, what should you be thinking?

A

Low-tension glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a Roth spot?

A

Subset of flame hemorrhage
White spot in the middle of flame heme. Comes from WBC, usually from inflammatory disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

If you have a Roth spot that has fibrin surrounded by the hemorrhage, what might you be thinking?

A

Blood clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What layer of the retina are intra-retinal hemorrhages found? What capillary network is this associated with?

A

Inner nuclear layer
Outer plexiform layer
May extend to outer nuclear layer

Associated with deep capillary network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some other names for intra-retinal hemorrhage?

A

spot heme
dot-blot hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What direction do intra-retinal hemorrhages flow in? What does this cause?

A

Hemorrhages follow vertical lines which can displace retinal tissue to be pushed forward. Can cause retinal edema.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are intra-retinal hemorrhages found?

A

-They can be isolated (diabetes, micro aneurysms)
-1 quadrant (branch retinal vein occlusion)
-All 4 quadrants (central retinal vein occlusion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Are there typically any visual effects of intra-retinal hemorrhages?

A

No but there could be if enough swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What disease is often associated with intra-retinal hemorrhages (dot-blot hemes)?

A

Diabetes Mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pre-retinal hemorrhage

(layers involved, location within retina, isolated, sector, or multiple quadrants, etiology)

A

-between inner limiting membrane and nerve fiber layer.
-located within posterior pole
-superficial capillary network, circumpapillary network
-multiple etiologies, mostly Valsava

23
Q

Flame-shaped hemorrhage

(layers involved, location within retina, isolated, sector, or multiple quadrants, etiology)

A

-nerve fiber layer
-superficial capillary network
-posterior pole typically, can be in other parts
-mostly associated with hypertension

24
Q

Dot-blot hemorrhage (intra-retinal hemorrhage)

(layers involved, location within retina, isolated, sector, or multiple quadrants, etiology)

A

-can be anywhere, isolated, sector, all 4 quadrants
-can be posterior pole, equator, periphery (everywhere)
-deep capillary network
-multiple layers of retina involved

25
Q

What layers of the retina can sub-retinal hemorrhages be found?

A

Between RPE and photoreceptors

OR

Between RPE and Bruch’s membrane

26
Q

What are sub-retinal hemorrhages a result of?

A

Bleeding from a choroidal neovascular membrane

27
Q

What does the appearance (color) of a sub-retinal hemorrhage depend on?

A

Location of the hemorrhage. If its sub-retinal, it will be red.
If its sub RPE, it will be grey-green.

28
Q

What area of the retina are sub-retinal hemorrhages typically found? (post. pole, equator, periphery)

A

Posterior pole

29
Q

What kind of borders do sub-retinal hemorrhages have

A

lobulated
(looks like lobes)

30
Q

For a sub-retinal hemorrhage, why does a sub RPE hemorrhage look grey-green?

A

Since it is behind the RPE, the RPE absorbs the red light and so the hemorrhage appears grey-green.

31
Q

What develops due to a sub-retinal hemorrhage?

A

Scar tissue which can effect VA drastically.

32
Q

What is the most common etiology for a sub-retinal hemorrhage? What disease is this attached to?

A

CNV- choroidal neovascular membrane

(attached to macular degeneration)

33
Q

Where can vitreous hemorrhages be found?

A

between Vitreous hyaloid membrane and the internal limiting membrane, or within the vitreous.

34
Q

What is the most common way a vitreal hemorrhage can occur? What are some other way?

A

Most commonly because of neovascularization.

Can also be from a break in the internal limiting membrane or retinal break.

35
Q

What are the two types of vitreal hemorrhages?

A

Retrovitreal hemorrhage- hemorrhage occurs between the vitreous and the internal limiting membrane, filling blood between the vitreal sac and retina.

Intravitreal hemorrhage- Blood vessel goes into the vitreous and breaks, blood fills inside the vitreous sac.

36
Q

What is the most common etiology of vitreal hemorrhages?

A

Diabetes Mellitus
Retinal breaks/tears
Posterior vitreal detachment

37
Q

What can a vitreal hemorrhage look like?

A

“tomato soup”
Wont be able to see the retina behind the blood.
Can look yellowish with aging, and if it settles, it will turn into white feather clumps in the bottom of the eye.

38
Q

What layer of the retina are Cotton wool spots found in?

A

Nerve fiber layer

39
Q

What capillary network are cotton wool spots found in? What zones? Is it a artery or vein based retina disease?

A

Superficial network, network of circumpapillary zone
Artery based disease

40
Q

What causes the appearance of cotton wool spots? What do they look like?

A

acute blockage of blood flow
Look like white fuzzy boarders, similar to shape of flame shaped hemorrhage

41
Q

You see cotton wool spots in the back of the retina, what diseases would you be thinking?

A

1) Hypertension (first thought)
2) diabetes

42
Q

What are cotton wool spots a precursor to?

A

Neovascularization

43
Q

Do cotton wool spots cause visual disturbances?

A

Usually no effect on VA
Could cause possible scotoma if NFL degeneration

44
Q

What layer of the retina are retinal exudates found?

A

Outer plexiform layer, but can extend from the outer nuclear layer to the internal limiting membrane

45
Q

If you have retinal exudates in the macula, what layer of the macula would that be? What is this called?

A

Henle’s layer
Macular star

46
Q

What capillary network is associated with retinal exudates? Is this associated with artery based or venous based disease?

A

Outer capillary netwrok
Venous based disease

47
Q

What do acute retinal exudates appear as?

A

Melted wax
dirty yellow color

48
Q

What does retinal exudate always present with?

A

retinal edema

49
Q

What areas of the retina can retinal exudates appear in?

A

Posterior pole, equator, retinal periphery

50
Q

What visual effects do retinal exudates cause?

A

Decreased VA
Metamorphopsia

51
Q

You see retinal exudate, what diseases are your thinking?

A

Diabetes
Central retinal vein occulsion
Macro/Micro aneurysm

52
Q

What retinal layers are retinal/macular edema found in?

A

Within and between the inner nuclear layer and the outer plexiform layer, but can extend from the internal limiting membrane to the RPE, which can also involve the photoreceptors

53
Q

What capillary network is local edema associated with?

A

Outer capillary network

54
Q

What capillary network is diffuse edema associated with?

A

Both outer and inner capillary networks

Posterior Segment (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions