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Eye disease Term 2 > Retinal Detachment > Flashcards

Retinal Detachment Flashcards

1
Q

Define retinal detachment and name the 3 types

A

Separation of the neurosensory retina from the underlying RPE by sub-retinal fluid

Tractional
Exudative
Rhegmatogenous

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2
Q

what happens in tractional retinal detachment

A

Vitreoretinal membranes pull on retina

membranes in vitreous adheres to the retina and slowly pulls it off

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3
Q

what happens in exudative retinal detachment

A

Fluid from choriocapillaris passes through damaged RPE and lifts retina (pushes it off)

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4
Q

what happens in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

A

Full thickness retinal break allows liquefied vitreous to collect under retina

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5
Q

list 3 features of the symptoms of a tractional retinal detachment

A
  • Not acute
  • Floaters and flashes usually absent
  • Field defect progresses slowly may become stationary
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6
Q

list the 4 signs of a tractional retinal detachment

A
  • Concave retina
  • Breaks absent
  • SRF shallow
  • Retina immobile
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7
Q

list 4 possible causes of a tractional retinal detachment

A
  • Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
  • Sickle cell retinopathy
  • Retinopathy of prematurity
  • Penetrating posterior segment trauma
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8
Q

list 3 features of the symptoms of an exudative retinal detachment

A
  • Flashes absent
  • Floaters if associated with virtitis
  • Field defect can progress rapidly
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9
Q

list the 3 signs of an exudative retinal detachment

A
  • convex
  • smooth
  • retina very mobile
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10
Q

list 5 possible causes of an exudative retinal detachment

A
  • Choroidal tumours
  • Exopytic retinoblastoma
  • Posterior scleritis
  • Subretinal neovascularisation (new blood vessels below the retina that cause it to be elevated)
  • Severe hypertension
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11
Q

list 3 possible causes of a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

A
  • Round holes/tears found in young myopes
  • Usually from vitreous traction and retinal degeneration
  • Posterior vitreous detachment PVD
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12
Q

How can the mechanism of a PVD cause a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

A

the vitreous collapses on itself and pulls the retina off away from the RPE, this can cause traction.

The collapsed vitreous is liquefied and can separate the vitreous base through the internal limiting membrane and hence pulls the retina away from the RPE

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13
Q

list 6 risk factors of the rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

A
  • Age
  • Myopia > 6.00D
  • Severe ocular trauma
  • Cataract surgery
  • Previous retinal detachment
  • Retinal degenerations
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14
Q

list 5 possible symptoms of a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

A

Any combination of:

  • Photopsia/Flashes
    Traction on retina (vitreous pulling on retina)
  • Floaters
    Associated PVD
  • Visual field loss
    Detachment of neurosensory retina (retina peeled away from blood supply = shadow)
  • Reduced visual acuity (subretinal fluid spreads to macula)
  • Occasionally asymptomatic
    Retinal holes in young myopic patients
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15
Q

list 3 features of the photopsia experienced with a PVD

A
  • Temporal, vertically orientated, momentary flashes
  • More noticeable in the dark?
  • White, silver, yellow or golden
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16
Q

how will a px describe floaters from a retinal detachment and list 2 things that can be the cause of these floaters

A

Sudden onset of shower

suggests:
- Red blood cells
- Pigment cells, or pigment granules in vitreous

17
Q

list 6 investigations you will carry out in practice with suspicions of a retinal detachment

A
  • Measure visual acuity
    Reduced in RD if macula affected
    If VA still good, can still have an RD or retinal tear in periphery
  • Relative afferent pupillary defect
    If significant RD
  • Reduced IOP
  • Visual field
  • Slit-lamp
    Anterior chamber
  • Dilated fundus and vitreous examination with high-powered fundus viewing lens
18
Q

what causes a reduced IOP with a retinal detachment

A

RD causes inflammation in the anterior chamber, which affects the ciliary epithelium and hence the production of aqueous

19
Q

what 2 things can cause the visual acuity to decrease in an RD

A
  • Subretinal fluid spreading towards macula

- Macula off

20
Q

list 3 things you will look for in the vitreous when investigating an RD

A
  • Posterior vitreous detachment
    Weiss ring
    Vitreous syneresis
  • Vitreous haemorrhage
  • Shafer’s sign
21
Q

what is Shafer’s sign

A

pigment epithelium in the anterior vitreous - Berger’s space

22
Q

list the 4 things you will look for on the fundus with indirect fundus examination when investigating an RD

A
  • Lattice degeneration - Atrophic retina with varying degree of RPE atrophy
  • Holes - Chronic atrophy of sensory retina
  • Tears
  • Detachment
23
Q

what is the hospital management of lattice degeneration

A
  • Dilated, indented examination both eyes
  • Isolated lattice seldom treated now
  • Usually discharged
  • Retinal detachment warning (RDW)
  • Annual dilated optometry review
24
Q

what are retinal tears the result of and name 3 types of retinal tears

A

Result of vitreoretinal traction

  • Horse shoe tear - ripped retina
  • Operculated tear - area of retina that’s torn off and floating in vitreous
  • Dialysis - retina hanging down from gravity
25
Q

list how you must manage a retinal break/tear which is, symptomatic, any fluid and asymptomatic/lower risk

A

Refer all retinal breaks

  • Symptomatic: emergency
  • Any fluid: emergency
  • Lower risk/asymptomatic: urgent
26
Q

what is the hospital management of a retinal break and name the 2 types of this.

what are the 3 steps of the review period following treatment

A

Most flap tears undergo retinopexy
- Laser retinopexy: burning retina onto sclera
- Cryotherapy: freezing probe
(Written information retinal detachment warning)

Review

  • 2 weeks
  • 6 weeks for epiretinal membrane
  • Discharge for annual dilated optometry review
27
Q

what is what referral speed/optometric management for macula on and for macula off RD

A

Retina needs to be reattached within:

24 hours if macula on
1 week of macula off

28
Q

what can occur the longer that the retina is off and what is the disadvantage of this

A

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy’

where the RPE and glial cells proliferate and produce cells that form a membrane over the retina.

Disadvantage = this stops light getting to the retina and it contracts and pulls the retina off

29
Q

list 3 types of surgeries used to treat an RD

A
  • Pneumatic retinopexy
  • Cryobuckle
  • Vitrectomy
30
Q

list the steps of a Pneumatic retinopexy used to treat an RD

A
  • Cryo or laser break
  • Inject intravitreal expansile gas (C3F8) into vitreous chamber
  • Floatation force tamponades the retina onto the RPE
  • Position patient for 1 -2 weeks 23/24 hours a day head forwards so gas bubble pushes retina onto RPE

Success 70%

31
Q

list the steps of how a Cryobuckle surgery is carried out to treat an RD

A
  • Locate breaks with 20D indirect ophthalmoscope
  • Cryo or laser break
  • Place external explant to indent sclera - squeeze the eye with a buckle
  • Pushes RPE into apposition with retina
  • Usually no gas tamponade

Success 80-90%

Eye disease Term 2 (23 decks)

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