Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Eye disease Term 2 > Neuro-ophthalmology: Management of Headaches > Flashcards

Neuro-ophthalmology: Management of Headaches Flashcards

1
Q

what are headaches amongst the most common disorders of

A

the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how many % of years lost are due to migraine

A

1.3%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how many % of headaches are migraines

A

15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how many % of headaches are cluster type

A

less than 1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how many % of headaches are medication overuse

A

1-2%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how many % of headaches are chronic

A

4%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how many % of headaches are tension type

A

60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how many % of headaches are other types

A

19%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which group of people are headaches more prevalent in and which group of people are headaches less prevalent in

A
  • twice as more prevalent in women than men

- less prevalent in children than youth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

list 3 roles that an optometrist should do for a patient who is complaining of headaches in practice

A
  • Classify type of HA
  • Identify and manage visual triggers
  • Refer for further management (to those outside of scope of our expertise)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how many categories of headache types are there and out of this, how many subtypes are there

A
  • 14 categories of headache types

- Over 90 subtypes of headache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

out of the 90 subtypes of headache, what is 1 of those subtypes attributed to and list the 4 subforms that this 1 subtype is divided into and how can it be fixed if its down to one of these

A
  • 1 subtype is attributed to disorders of the eyes

Subforms:

  • acute glaucoma
  • refractive error
  • heterophoria or heterotropia
  • ocular inflammatory disorder

can easily be fixed glasses or orthoptic exercises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

which are the 3 main classifications of headaches, as stated by the international headache society

A
  • primary headaches
  • secondary headaches
  • Painful cranial neuropathies, other facial pains and other headaches
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

list all 4 types of primary headaches

A
  • Migraine
  • Tension type headache
  • Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (cluster headache)
  • Other primary headache disorders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

list all 5 types of secondary headaches

A
  • Trauma
  • Vascular
  • Raised ICP
  • Disorder of the eyes
  • Other Secondary headaches
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the prevalence of migraines amongst adults and how much of this accounts for males and for females

A
  • 15% among >170,000 adults

- 8% males and 18% females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the prevalence of migraines amongst children and youths and how much of this accounts for boys and for girls

A
  • 9% among >36,000 children and youths

- 5% boys and 9% girls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

list the 5 phases of a migraine and state how many % of people the first 3 stages affect

A
  • Premonitory symptoms - affects 60%
  • Aura - affects 20%
  • Headache - affects 80%
  • Termination
  • Postdrome - after affects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the premonitory symptoms of a migraine and list 3 things that these symptoms can be giving examples of each

A

An awareness that an attack is going to happen

  • can be psychological symptoms
    depression, euphoria, mental slowness, hyperactivity
  • can be neurologic phenomena
    photophobia, phonophobia
    nausea / vomiting (classic migraine symptom)
  • can be general
    coldness, loss of appetite, food cravings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

over what time period of a migraine does an aura develop and how long does it last for

A
  • Develops over 5 - 20 minutes
  • Normally lasts less than 60 minutes
    ‘Prolonged aura’ last up to a week
    The effects of a ‘migranous infarction’ will last longer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the type of migraine aura symptoms called and name the 2 types including examples of what each one affects

A
  • Focal neurological symptoms
- Sensory
visual, auditory, numbness, tingling
heightened sensitivity
- Motor
ophthalmoplegia, hemiplegia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

list the 5 sensory focal neurological symptoms of a migraine aura

A
  • visual
  • auditory
  • numbness
  • tingling
  • heightened sensitivity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

list the 2 motor focal neurological symptoms of a migraine aura

A
  • ophthalmoplegia

- hemiplegia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

list the 4 types of symptoms that you get with a visual aura during a migraine

A
  • Binocular and confined to one hemifield
    Retinal migraine in which the symptoms are purely uniocular
- Teichopsia
Fortification spectra (coloured fringues around objects) 
- Hemianopia 
scintillating scotomata
Water running down windscreen
Heat haze
Broken up / cracked mirror
  • “Tunnel vision”
    Very rarely total visual loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

when does the headache part of the migraine tend to start and how long does it tend to last

A
  • 60 minutes after aura finishes

- lasting 4 – 72 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what 4 attributes describes the headache part of a migraine

A
  • moderate to severe
  • pulsating
  • unilateral (localised to one side of the head)
  • aggravated by movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what 3 things can the headache part of a migraine be associated with

A
  • photophobia or phonophobia
  • poor concentration
  • nausea, vomiting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is a typical Aura with Non-migraine Headache and describe how it develops and it’s 4 features

A

Typical aura consisting of visual and/or sensory and/or speech symptoms

Gradual development

  • No longer than one hour
  • Mix of positive and negative features
  • Complete reversibility
  • Absence of typical headache associated with migraine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what ddx will you refer a px who is suffering from a typical Aura with Non-migraine Headache and for this reason what should you do

A

In older individuals refer to rule out transient ischaemic attack (as some patients can also complain about slurry speech)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

list the 4 possible pathophysiology reasons for a migraine

A
  • Thought to be vascular in origin
    vessel constriction corresponds to aura
    vessel dilation corresponds to headache
    Pain from Intra-cranial, extra-cerebral vessels
  • Physiological trigger unknown
  • Genetic influence
    many have positive family history
  • Many have an external trigger
    tiredness, certain foods or drinks, bright lights (strobe lights)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

explain 2 reasons why the pathophysiology for a migraine is thought to be vascular

A
  • vessel constriction corresponds to aura
  • vessel dilation corresponds to headache
    Pain from Intra-cranial, extra-cerebral vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

list 3 visual triggers of a migraine

A
  • Glare
    Sun reflections, windows
  • Flicker
    Flashlights, stroboscopes, TV or cinema
  • Patterns
    Text
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

list 4 things you should do to manage/advise a patient to do who suffers from migraine

A
  • If obvious diagnosis, letter of information to GP (good practise)
- Reassurance
not life threatening
not associated with serious illness
exception can be young women on ‘the pill’
no known cure
  • Ask px to write a ‘headache diary’
    to identify and avoid triggers (self manage)
  • Medication by GP
    pain relief during acute attack
    preventative if > 5 attacks per month
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the prevalence of tension type headaches in adults and in children

A
  • 62% in >66,000 adults
  • 16% in ~25,000 children

The largest type of headache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are the 2 types of tension yep headaches and how long does each one last for

A
  • Episodic lasts 30mins
    or
  • Chronic last 7 days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

does a tension type headache tend to be unilateral or bilateral

A

bilateral (px tends to hold there head)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

which three locations can a tension headache pain be

A

Occipital, parietal or posterior neck

38
Q

describe the symptoms of a tension type headache

A
  • Tightness/pressing/band-like (but not pulsating)
  • Mild to moderate – does not stop daily activities (so it history and symptoms, ask px if their headache stops them from doing things)
  • Not made worse by routine physical activity
39
Q

what 2 symptoms may a tension headache be associated with and what is it not associated with

A
  • May be associated with photohobia and phonophobia

- No nausea/vomiting

40
Q

what 3 factors (other than photophobia and phonophobia symptoms) may be associated a tension type headache

A

sleeplessness, stress or emotional conflict

41
Q

what is the differential diagnosis of a tension type headache and how can you rule it out

A
  • migraine

- ask px if theres visual aura or sickness following and any patterns to the headache

42
Q

what 2 things can the pathophysiology of a tension type headache be down to

A
  • Due to muscle contraction

- Commonly associated with psychological problems e.g. stress

43
Q

what is the management of a tension type headache

A

Routine referral to GP

44
Q

what and where is the symptoms of a Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (cluster headache)

A
  • Pain on one side of the head in area of the trigeminal nerve
  • symptoms in autonomic system on the same side
    face pain, orbital, supraorbital and/or temporal (are secondary headaches due to the trigeminal nerve)
45
Q

what is the pattern of a cluster headache attack and list the 6 things it can be associated with

A
  • 1-8 attacks over a period of days or weeks

may be associated with:

  • facial flushing
  • conjunctival injection
  • eyelid oedema
  • rhinorrhea
  • pupil constriction
  • partial ptosis
46
Q

what is the prevalence of cluster headaches in adults

A

0.3% in >10,000 adults

much rarer than other primary headache types

47
Q

which category of people does cluster headaches affect more and by how much

A

Predominantly affects men

Affects 6x more males than females

48
Q

what is the proper name for cluster headaches

A

Trigeminal autonomic cephalgias

49
Q

list the 4 stages of the course of a cluster headache

A
  • Starts around one eye or cheek
  • Spreads across head
  • Reaches a peak in a few minutes
  • Lasts 30 minutes - a few hours
50
Q

describe the symptom of a cluster headache and 2 things that a patient may say to describe the pain and when does it tend to affect the patient

A
  • Intense pain
    Sufferers bang head against wall
    Burn head with hot compresses
  • Wakes patient in early hours
51
Q

what does the pathophysiology show about a cluster headache

A
  • Cause unknown,
    no demonstrable pathology
  • fMRI
    Hypothalamic activity
52
Q

what is the management for a cluster headache

A

Refer to GP

Prophylactic medication, analgesics etc

53
Q

list the 3 type of vascular causes that can be attributed towards a secondary headache

A
  • Temporal arteritis
  • Aneurysm
  • Arteriovenous Malformation
54
Q

which groups of people is temporal arteritis more prevalent in

A
  • Normally only over age 60

- Female > male

55
Q

describe 5 symptoms of a patient who has temporal arteritis

A
  • Headache normally constant
  • Gradual onset to a diffuse severe aching
  • Superficial scalp tenderness – temporal
  • Worse at night and in the cold
  • Jaw claudication (when moving jaw e.g. chewing)
56
Q

list 4 systemic associations of temporal arteritis

A
  • fever
  • anaemia
  • weight loss
  • polymyalgia rheumatica (aching pain all over)
57
Q

name 3 ocular signs that can indicate temporal arteritis

A
  • AION
  • CRAO
  • Amaurosis Fugax
58
Q

what is the 2 signs of a AION, which is associated with temporal arteritis

A
  • Partial or total infarction of optic nerve head

- Occlusion of short posterior ciliary arteries

59
Q

what is a general sign to show a AION is arteritic

A

Usually inferior altitudinal hemianopia

60
Q

which type of AION is related to giant cell arteritis

A

arteritic

61
Q

what is the pathophysiology of a temporal arteritis, i.e. what it is due to and name a ddx

A
  • Arteritis affecting external carotid and ophthalmic arteries

ddx:
- Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) associated with non-arteritic AION (a ddx test done in hospital)

62
Q

what is the management of a temporal arteritis and why

A

OPHTHALMIC EMERGENCY

  • Risk of visual loss in other eye (70% within 10 days)
  • Risk of cerebral vascular accident
  • Treated with high doses of oral steroids
63
Q

what 4 things is done in hospital to investigate a temporal arteritis

A
  • Temporal artery biopsy
  • MRI and Doppler study
  • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
  • C-reactive protein levels measured
64
Q

what is the prognosis for vision with temporal arteritis

A

Visual acuity does not recover

Risk of visual loss in other eye (70% within 10 days)

65
Q

how may an aneurysm cause a headache and how bad is the headache

A

Recurring headaches may precede a burst aneurysm

Often severe headache

66
Q

list 5 symptoms of a ruptured aneurysm

A
  • sudden, excruciating headache
  • stiff neck
  • vomiting
  • altered behaviour
  • may have focal lesions
    IIIrd nerve palsy if posterior communicating artery affected
    hemiparesis if middle cerebral artery affected
67
Q

what can a ruptured aneurysm of a posterior communicating artery cause

A

IIIrd nerve palsy

68
Q

what can a ruptured aneurysm of a middle cerebral artery cause

A

hemiparesis

69
Q

what is the ddx of a headache caused by an aneurysm and therefore what action should you take

A
  • migraine

- if the patient has a one off severe headache, refer them to A and E if its very bad or to the GP

70
Q

what is a Arteriovenous Malformation

A

where arteries and veins are not connecting in the correct way and if it ruptures, it can give a sudden headache

71
Q

what type of headache is caused by a Arteriovenous Malformation

A

Specific recurring headache - throughout life

72
Q

list 3 signs/symptoms of a ruptured Arteriovenous Malformation or fistula

A
  • sudden severe headache
  • stiff neck
  • homonymous field defect typical of occipital AVM
73
Q

what is the pathophysiology of a Arteriovenous Malformation

A
  • Focal damage near site of lesion

- Haemorrhage results in increased ICP

74
Q

what is the pathophysiology of an aneurysm

A
  • Focal damage near site of lesion

- Burst aneurysm of major vessel life threatening

75
Q

what is the 2 management options of a aneurysm and a Arteriovenous Malformation

A
  • Referral to GP same day
  • Immediate referral to casualty if:
    Suspect burst aneurysm or AVM
    Aneurysm on major vessel
76
Q

list all 7 headache characteristics from a raised ICP

A
  • normally intermittent
  • non specific, non localised
  • dull, not throbbing
  • worse after exercise
  • may waken patient from sleep
  • transient headache on coughing
  • may be absent
77
Q

list the 4 signs of a early papilloedema, caused by raised ICP

A
  • Mild disc swelling and hyperaemia - nasal margins affected first
  • Venous engorgement
  • Blurring of disc margins and peripapillary RNFL
  • Loss of spontaneous venous pulsation
78
Q

what is the pathophysiology/reasons for a raised ICP

A

Traction on pain sensitive structures

intra-cranial, extra-cerebral, such as meninges

79
Q

what is the management of a raised ICP

A

REFER TO CASUALTY

with recommendation for neurological investigation

80
Q

list 4 causes of a secondary headache attributable to disorders of the eye

A
  • acute glaucoma (closed angle)
  • refractive error
  • heterophoria or heterotropia
    ocular motor nerve palsies
  • ocular inflammatory disorder
    corneal lesions, anterior uveitis, optic neuritis
81
Q

what are the general symptoms of a secondary headache attributable to disorders of the eye

A
  • Asthenopia
  • Uncorrected Rx /Incorrect Rx:
    Not present on waking
    Mild HA
    Frontal, around eyes
  • Heterophoria or heterotropia (BV anomaly):
    Recurrent
    Mild HA
    Intermittent blur/diplopia
    May be relieved by closing one eye e.g. can be convergence insufficiency

HA resolves if visual problem is corrected

82
Q

what is the management of a secondary headache attributable to disorders of the eye

A
  • Treat refractive error or ocular motor imbalance in practice
  • Refer ocular disease to the ophthalmologist with a degree of urgency depending on the condition
83
Q

name a Secondary headache attributable to other secondary causes and give 2 example of this type

A

Painful cranial neuropathy and other facial pains:

  • Trigeminal neuralgia
  • Atypical facial pain

i.e. headaches = a secondary to facial pains that occurred in the first place

84
Q

what does a Trigeminal neuralgia affect

A

Distribution of trigeminal nerve (Vth nerve):

  • Mostly affects mandibular or maxillary region
  • Can affect ophthalmic division, but not in isolation
85
Q

what is the symptoms of a Trigeminal neuralgia (as a secondary cause of a headache) and when is the usual onset

A
  • intense jabs of pain, repetitive
    lasts only seconds, with an ache in between
  • Onset usually after age 50 years
86
Q

what is the symptom of Atypical facial pain (as a secondary cause of a headache)

A

Diffuse ache - all over face

87
Q

what is the pathophysiology of a Trigeminal neuralgia

A
  • Compression of Vth nerve root leaving pons

usually an aneurysm or other vascular lesion

88
Q

what is the 3 possible pathophysiology of a Atypical facial pain

A
  • Dental pain / disease
  • Nasopharyngeal neoplasm
  • Psychological illness
89
Q

what is the management of a Secondary headache attributable to other secondary causes such as Trigeminal neuralgia and Atypical facial pain

A
  • Routine referral to GP

Treatment can be medical or surgical

90
Q

list all 7 types of questions you will ask in a good history and symptoms for a patient who is suffering from headaches

A
  • FLOADS
  • Recent onset less than 6 months; sudden onset
  • Change in pattern to HA
  • Resistance to medication - more worrying
  • Atypical symptoms
  • GH: Systemic or neurological conditions
  • +ive FH of migraine
91
Q

which type of onset of headache is found out from asking FLOADS in your H and S is more worrying

A

sudden onset

new headaches is also more worrying than someone who has had headaches for years

92
Q

if during H and S you find out that a 50 year old male is waking up at night by headaches, what 2 possible causes can it be and how will you differentiate from the 2

A

can be:

  • Giant cell arteritis
  • Cluster

To differentiate, will ask about scalp tenderness and when looking at the back of the eye will see signs of GCA, also vision will be reduced with GCA and not cluster

Eye disease Term 2 (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions