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Posterior Segment > Retinal Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Retinal Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is phototransduction?

A

when light energy is turned into an electrical signal

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2
Q

What is created when phototransduction occurs?

A

Energy and Heat

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3
Q

How do we cool down the retina when phototransduction is occurring?

A

Place it next to the choroid (heat sink)

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4
Q

What’s the #1 reason for choroidal detachment?

A

Hypotony

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5
Q

What’s the main neurotransmitter for vision?

A

Glutamate

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6
Q

What are the 4 functions of the mueller cell?

A

i. Forming the ILM and ELM
ii. Structural Support – found vertically in the retina
iii. Glucose support (energy into the cells)
iv. Picks up excess glutamate

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes and Microglial cells

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8
Q

Where are astrocytes found?

A

found in nerve fiber layer and ILM

Goes horizontally to support the retina

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9
Q

Where are microglial cells found? What are they activated to become?

A
  1. Found in the inner retina, latent

2. Activated to become macrophages when pathogens come into play

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10
Q

What are the 2 neurotransmitters?

A

Glutamate and acetylcholine

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11
Q

When it comes to blood supply, what supplies the retina?

A

Central Retinal Artery – supplies inner 2/3 of the retina

Choriocapillaris - outer 1/3 of retina

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12
Q

How is the retina blood supply controlled?

A

By Autoregulation - receptors tell BVs to constrict or dilate based on oxygen need

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13
Q

What is the choroid supplied by? What part of the nervous system controls it?

A

Short posterior ciliary arteries

- Controlled by sympathetic nervous system

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14
Q

Why does the retina live on starvation mode and have a very low blood supply?

A
  • we want it to stay transparent

- decrease amount of free radicals (oxygen + blue light = FR)

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15
Q

What pigments are there to block the blue light and fight free radicals

A

Xanthophylls
Lipofuscin
Melanin - in RPE

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16
Q

WIT: Pigment that has the highest blue light filtering mechanism

A

Lutein

17
Q

WIT: Pigment that blocks the oxygen

A

Zeaxanthin

18
Q

In glaucoma, what cell is destroyed?

A

Ganglion Cell

19
Q

What keeps the 9th layer semi-attached to the 10th layer?

A

i. IOP
ii. Thick vitreous (weight of the vitreous)
iii. Sodium Pumps
iv. Inner PR matrix

20
Q

What part of the retina is the thickest?

A

Macula area

21
Q

What are the 2 avascular portons of the retina?

A
  1. Ora Serrata

2. Foveola Region

22
Q

How many capillary networks are found in the retina?

A
  1. Radial Peripapillary CN
  2. Superficial CN
  3. Deep CN
23
Q

Where is the radial peripapillary CN found? What retinal changes are found there?

A

Found underneath the internal limiting (IL)

  • CWS and flame hemorrhages from HTN are found here
24
Q

Where is the superficial CN found? What retinal changes are found there?

A

Found in NFL and ganglion cell area

Possible flame hemorrhages found here

25
Q

Where is the Deep CN found?

A

Found in inner plexiform and nuclear layer

26
Q

When pericytes are destroyed in diabetics, what happens?

A

Forms microanuerysms

27
Q

What drains the retina?

A

CRV

28
Q

What drains the choroid?

A

Vortex Veins

29
Q

What cell body process makes up ILM?

A

Mueller cells

30
Q

How many ganglion cells do we have?

A

1.1 million

31
Q

How many ganglion cells act as photoreceptors?

A

3,000

32
Q

What type of detachment? Neurosensory layer detaches from RPE

A

Retinal detachment (9th layer detaches from 10th)

33
Q

What type of detachment? RPE detaches from Bruch’s membrane.

A

RPE detachment

Soft drusen = another name for RPE detachment

34
Q

What type of detachment? When the choroid detaches from the sclera.

A

Choroid Detachment

35
Q

What are the 3 main receptors on RPE cells?

A
  1. Vitamin A
  2. Glucose
  3. Omega-3 FAs

Posterior Segment (8 decks)

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