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FRCOphth part 1 Anatomy > Retina + optic nerve AI CHECK > Flashcards

Retina + optic nerve AI CHECK Flashcards

Page 158-176

1
Q

What is the retina?

A

The internal layer of the eyeball where the optical image is formed

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2
Q

What occurs in the retina that leads to the creation of nerve impulses?

A

Photo-chemical transduction

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3
Q

What is the thickness of the retina at the optic disc?

A

0.56 mm

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4
Q

What is the thickness of the retina at the ora serrata?

A

0.1 mm

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5
Q

Where is the retina thinnest?

A

At the center of the fovea

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6
Q

What does the retina become continuous with posteriorly?

A

The optic nerve

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7
Q

What is the outer surface of the retina in contact with?

A

Bruch’s membrane of the choroid

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8
Q

What is the inner surface of the retina in contact with?

A

The vitreous body

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9
Q

Where is the retina firmly attached?

A

At the margins of the optic disc and at the ora serrata

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10
Q

What is the ora serrata?

A

The anterior edge of the retina that forms a wavy ring

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11
Q

Which side of the retina extends more anteriorly?

A

The medial side

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12
Q

What are the two layers of the retina?

A

An outer pigmented layer and an inner neurosensory layer

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13
Q

From which embryological structure are the layers of the retina derived?

A

Neuroectoderm

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14
Q

What is the anterior, nonreceptive part of the retina at the ora serrata continuous with?

A

The pigmented and nonpigmented columnar cell layers of the ciliary body

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: The posterior, receptive part of the retina extends forward from the optic nerve to a point just posterior to the _______.

A

Ciliary body

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16
Q

True or False: The retina has a purplish-red color in living subjects.

A

True

17
Q

What is the macula lutea?

A

An oval, yellowish area in the retina responsible for the most distinct vision

It contains the fovea centralis at its center.

18
Q

What is the fovea centralis?

A

The central depression of the macula lutea

It is the area of the retina with the highest visual acuity.

19
Q

Where does the optic nerve leave the retina?

A

At the optic disc, about 3 mm to the medial side of the macula lutea

The optic disc is where the central retinal artery and vein pierce the retina.

20
Q

What is the optic disc referred to as, and why?

A

The blind spot, due to the complete absence of rods and cones

It is insensitive to light.

21
Q

How does the optic disc appear on ophthalmoscopic examination?

A

Pale pink, much paler than the surrounding retina

This indicates the lack of photoreceptive cells in that area.

22
Q

What is the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)?

A

A single layer of cells extending from the optic nerve to the ora serrata

It continues forward as the pigmented ciliary epithelium.

23
Q

What shape do the cells of the RPE take on tangential section?

A

Hexagonal

They are tall and narrow in the posterior region and flattened near the ora serrata.

24
Q

What is Bruch’s membrane?

A

A membrane that forms part of the choroid and is associated with the basal end of RPE cells

It supports the retinal pigment epithelium.

25
Q

What structures do the microvilli of the RPE cells project between?

A

The outer segments of the rods and cones

These microvilli are involved in the interaction with photoreceptor cells.

26
Q

What is the role of glycosa-minoglycans in the RPE?

A

They may act as an adhesive binding the pigment layer to the neural layer

This helps maintain structural integrity in the retina.

27
Q

What are the zonula adherens and zonula occludens?

A

Types of tight junctions in the RPE

They maintain the isolation of the retina from systemic circulation.

28
Q

What is the significance of the cell nuclei in the RPE?

A

They occupy the basal part of the cytoplasm

This positioning is important for cellular function.

29
Q

What role do lysosomes play in the RPE?

A

They break down the contents of phagosomes and lipofuscin granules

This process is crucial for the recycling of photoreceptor debris.

30
Q

What happens to the outer ends of the rods in relation to the RPE?

A

They are continuously eroded by the apical microvilli of the RPE

The pigment cells phagocytose the debris generated from this process.

FRCOphth part 1 Anatomy (9 decks)

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