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Ophthalmology > Retina-Choroid > Flashcards

Retina-Choroid Flashcards

1
Q

What are we looking at during a fundic exam anterior to posterior?

A

Vitreous
Retina
Choroid
Sclera

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2
Q

Syneresis

A

Liquefaction of the vitreous humor

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3
Q

What is it called when there are calcium phospholipids and degenerative change to the vitreous in older animals?

A

Asteroid hyalosis

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4
Q

If there is hemorrhage in the vitreous humor what would the source be?

A

Ciliary body

Retina

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5
Q

Where is the retina’s anterior attachment?

A

Right behind the Ciliary body

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6
Q

What contains the tapetum?

A

Choroid

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7
Q

What layers of the retina are neurosensory? What layer are rods and cones in?

A

Layers 1-9

Layer 9 = Rods and cones (photoreceptors)

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8
Q

What do rods do?

A

Predominant photoreceptor by #

  • dim light vision
  • black and white
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9
Q

What do cones do?

A

bright light

color vision

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10
Q

What is the tapetum’s function?

A

Reflective layer in choroid, dorsal fundus that captures light that bypasses the retina

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11
Q

What species do NOT have a tapetum?

A 
Camelid
Pig
Bird
Rabbit
Rats
Mice
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12
Q

What word describes the retinal vasculature in most species? What does this mean?

A

Holangiotic

Vessels extend from optic disc out to periphery of fundus

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13
Q

Paurangiotic? Species? Where does most retina get nutrients?

A

Retina vessels extend only a short distance from optic disc

Horse

choroid

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14
Q

Merangiotic? Species?

A

Retina vessels extend medially and laterally from optic disc

Rabbit

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15
Q

Anangiotic? Species?

A

Retina is supplied by choroid vasculature

Guinea pig
Bird
Reptiles

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16
Q

What species have a myelinated optic disc?

A 
Dog
Horse
\+/- cow
Goat
Sheep
Pig
17
Q

What species have a non-myelinated optic disc?

A

Cat
Camelid
Mice
Rat

18
Q

If you look into a dog or cat eye and don’t see a tapetum what may be the reason?

A

Dilute coat color (White, merle) and blue iris

Usually associated with lack of pigment. This is a normal variation

19
Q

What part of the retina does the choroid supply nutrients?

A

Supplies outer half of retina in holangiotic species.

Supplies entire retina in anangiotic species

20
Q

What is unique about the avian fundus?

A

Pecten

darkly pigmented vasculature structure that sits on top of optic disc - disc is not visible
Has a secretory, nutritive function

21
Q

What does the fundus look like in dilute coat color and blue iris animals?

A

Clear tapetum
Choroidal vessels
Retinal vessels
Sclera is visible

22
Q

T/F

Birds don’t have an optic disc

A

False

You just can’t see it

23
Q

What is Collie eye anomaly (CEA)?

A

Bilateral congenital, genetic condition of the choroid, retina, and sclera in dogs

24
Q

What are 3 abnormalities associated with Collie eye anomaly

A
  • Choroidal hypoplasia
  • Optic nerve coloboma
  • Retinal detachment
25
Q

What is an electroretinography (ERG)?

A
  • Quantitates retinal function
  • Retina stimulated by light
  • Electrical activity carried to cornea
  • Contact lens perceives electrical activity
  • Waveform generated: amplitude measured
26
Q

What does SARD stand for?

A

Sudden acquired retinal degeneration

27
Q

What happens in SARD?

A

Acute death of photoreceptors

28
Q

What are the two types of retinal detachment?

A

Rhegmatogenous - tear within the retina

Serous - fluid, cells under retina

29
Q

What is it called when the retina is torn 360 degrees but remains intact around the optic disc?

A

Disinsertion (type of rhegmatogenous detachment)

30
Q

What may cause serous retinal detachment?

A

Hypertension

Inflammatory

31
Q

What may cause rhegmatogenous retinal detachment?

A

Cataract
Lens luxation
Vetreoretinal dysplasia (Shih Tzu)

32
Q

What blood pressure would you consider hypertensive retinopathy?

A

systolic > 160

33
Q

What do you call inflammation of choroid that extends into retina?

A

Chorioretinitis

34
Q

What are three things that can go wrong with the optic nerve?

A
  1. Coloboma
  2. Cupping
  3. Optic neuritis
35
Q

What is optic nerve cupping?

A

depressed optic disc associated with chronic glaucoma

36
Q

What is the pathogenesis for optic neuropathy due to vitamin A deficiency?

A

Defective osteoclast activity in optic canal –> osteoblasts lay down bone –> compresses optic nerve

37
Q

What are two ophthalmoscopic signs of retinal degeneration?

A

Thinning of retinal vessels

Tapetal hyperreflectivity

38
Q

What is the risk of giving Baytril to a cat?

A

Retinal degeneration

Acute blindness

Ophthalmology (5 decks)

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