Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelium Flashcards
What does the image describe?
The normal retinal layers.
What part of the eye is identified in these images?
The normal macula.
What is this condition? And what do the photomicrographs illustrate?
Albinism.
The nuclei and decreased pigmentation in the RPE and rare giant melanosomes.
What conditions are described in these images? And what is noted in the H&E stain?
Leukocoria and total exudative retinal detachment. And dense subretinal proteinaceous fluid.
What do the markings indicate in these images?
Telangiectatic vessels and foamy macrophages, and lipid-laden and pigment-laden macrophages and cholesterol clefts.
What is demonstrated in the low-magnification photomicrograph? And what does the higher magnification (PAS stain) shows?
A retinal tumor with a thick-walled feeder vessel and a cystic area filled with proteinaceous material. And numerous small, capillary-like vascular channels and foamy stromal cells.
What is the characteristic of the RPE cells?
Larger and contain more densely packed melanin granules.
What condition is describe? And what do the arrows indicate?
Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) and full-thickness necrosis of the retina.
What condition is this? And what is demonstrated in each image?
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis.
Vascular sheathing, full-thickness retinal necrosis, large syncytial cells, intranuclear owls eye inclusions and intracytoplasmic inclusions.
What is this condition? And what is demonstrated in the stains?
Fungal chorioretinitis. And multinucleated giant cells and numerous fungal hyphae.
What do the arrows indicate?
Chorioretinal scars with pigmentation, active retinitis and perivascular sheathing, and cysts and released organisms.
What does the image describe?
Cystoid spaces in the outer plexiform layer and reticular peripheral cystoid degeneration.
What condition is this?
Retinal lattice degeneration.
What do the arrows demonstrate? And what do the arrowheads indicate?
Paving-stone degeneration in the areas of depigmentation. And a sharp boundary.
What is the condition described? And what do INL and ONL means?
Inner ischemic retinal atrophy. Inner nuclear layer and outer nuclear layer.
What condition is described in this image? And what do the arrow and arrowhead demonstrate?
Outer ischemic retinal atrophy.
What is described in this image? And what type of fluid is in the cystoid spaces?
Cytoid bodies within the NFL and proteinaceous fluid.
What is this macular disorder? And what is found in the inner nuclear and outer plexiform layers?
Cystoid macular edema and cystoid spaces.
What type of deposit is this?
Intraretinal lipid deposits, or hard exudates.
What are the features showed in the PAS stain?
Intraretinal exudates surround intraretinal microvascular abnormalities.
What is the characteristic of the macula in the first image?
Presence of mild cystoid macular edema, subretinal fluid, and irregular elevation and detachment of the RPE.
What are the characteristics of the hemorrhages in the fundus photograph? And what are their corresponding places histologically?
The dot-blot hemorrhage corresponding to blood in the middle layers of the retina, flame-shaped corresponds to blood in the NFL, and the boat-shaped corresponds to subhyaloid blood.
What is described in this trypsin digest?
The acellular capillaries are adjacent to intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA).
What is the technique used? And what does it shows?
Retinal trypsin digest preparation and diabetic microaneurysms.
What does the PAS stain describe?
Retinal neovascularization.
What is this condition? And what is the characteristic of the retina?
Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) and necrosis occur in the inner retina and pyknotic nuclei.
What is this condition? And what are the characteristics described?
Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and hemorrhage, hemosiderosis, disorganization of the retinal architecture, and gliosis.
What does the photomicrograph demonstrate? And what condition has these histologic changes?
Iris neovascularization, lacy vacuolation, and thickening of the basement membrane of the pigmented ciliary epithelium. And diabetes mellitus.
What occurs after light applications of laser photocoagulation?
Focal disruption and attenuation of the outer nuclear layer, inner/outer segments, and RPE.
What is described in this image?
Choroidal neovascularization between the diffuse drusen and Bruch membrane.
What type of drusen is this?
Hard drusen.
What type of drusen is this? And what is the characteristic?
Confluent drusen and thick eosinophilic deposits.
What type of drusen is this?
Reticular pseudodrusen.
What does the fundus photograph demonstrate? And what are the histologic characteristics?
Focal geographic atrophy of the RPE and drusen in nonexudative age-related macular degeneration.
What type of neovascularization are these? And where are they located?
Type 1 neovascularization, located in the sub-RPE space, and type 2 neovascularization occurs in the subretinal space.
What disorder is this? And what are the characteristics?
Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). Peripapillary dilated vascular channels, thin-walled vascular channels, and hemorrhagic RPE detachments.
What are the characteristics of the lesions in these images?
Elevated, red-orange, nodular and tubular lesions, hyperfluorescent polypoidal lesions, and persistent red-orange lesions in the peripapillary region.
What does the fundus photograph show? And what do the asterisks in the FAF imaging reveals?
Retinal flecks and focal or geographic RPE atrophy. And increased and decreased FAF.
What are the highlights in near-infrared imaging? And what does the histology report reveals?
The increased reflectance and hyperreflectivity at the level of RPE. And lipofuscin corresponding to the retinal flecks and loss of the photoreceptor cell layer.
What is this condition? And what is the highlight in the images?
Adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy. And increased FAF, subfoveal hyperreflective material, and pigment-containing cells filled with lipofuscin.
What is this condition? And what are the histologic characteristics noted?
Retinitis pigmentosa and marked photoreceptor cell loss and RPE migration.
What is this condition? And what is the histologic arrangement?
Retinoblastoma and pseudorosette.
What is present in the necrotic area? And what is found within the blood vessel walls?
Calcium and basophilic material.
What are the features noted in this image? And what is the characteristic of the tumor cells?
Thick iris neovascular membrane and free-floating tumor cells.
What type of rosettes are these? And what is the characteristic?
Flexner-Winstersteiner rosettes and Homer Wright rosettes. And central lumen and the neurofibrillary tangle.
What does the arrow indicate?
The fleurette.
What is the characteristic of the globe in image A? And what is present in the nerve?
Massive invasion by retinoblastoma with bulbous enlargement of the optic nerve and tumor.
What is the extent of the retinoblastoma?
Optic nerve and extended posterior to the lamina cribrosa to the margin of resection.
What is the histologic feature described in this image?
Massive choroidal invasion of the retinoblastoma.
What is this condition? And what is the characteristic?
Retinocytoma and stubby inner segments.
What condition is this? And what are the histologic features?
Medulloepithelioma and ciliary process and occasional Flexner- Winstersteiner rosettes.
What type of lesions are these? And what is the characteristic?
Combined hamartoma of the retina and RPE. And the presence of a slightly elevated, variably pigmented mass involving the RPE, peripapillary retina, optic nerve, and overlying vitreous.
