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Physiological optics and Binocular Vision > RETINA > Flashcards

RETINA Flashcards

1
Q

Regions of Retina:

A

Central retina or Macula Lutea (yellow spot)

Peripheral Retina

Ora Serrata

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2
Q

Divisions of RETINA:

A

Pars Optica or Optic Retina

Pars Caeca or Ciliary Retina

Rods

Cones

Nerve Fibers

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3
Q

diameter of Macula:

A

4.5 mm

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4
Q

diameter of Fovea centralis:

A

1.5mm

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5
Q

diameter of Foveola:

A

0.4 mm

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6
Q

diameter of OPTIC DISC:

A

1.5 mm

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7
Q

thickness of RETINA:

A

0.1 mm - 0.5 mm

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8
Q

undergo transition into an epithelial covering of ciliary body & iris

INSENSITIVE to transmission of light & transmission of impulses

A

Pars caeca or CILIARY retina

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9
Q

Blood supply of Retina:

A

Choriocapillary

Central Retinal Artery

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10
Q

Supply RPE and photoreceptors

Gives 65% - 85% blood flow to retina

A

Choriocapillary

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11
Q

supply the inner sensory retina

gives 20% - 30% blood flow to retina

A

Central Retinal Arteries

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12
Q

1st neurons of Retina:

A

Rods

Cones

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13
Q

2nd neurons of retina

Modulator Cells

A

Bipolar cells

Amacrine cells

Horizontal cells

Mueller’s cells - glial (supporting cells)

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14
Q

3rd neuron of Retina:

A

Ganglion cells

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15
Q

has single layer of brown columnar cells with melanin

Aids in absorbing light

outermost layer firmly adherent to lamina vitrea of choroid

A

RPE

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16
Q

contains visual purple

A

outer segment of Cytoplasmic portion

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17
Q

Form a net wiring similar to fenestrated membrane and thru its hole the fibers of rod & cones pass

EXTERNAL amalgated end of Mueller’s fibers

A

External Limiting Membrane

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18
Q

This layer contain nuclei of Rods & Cones

A

Outer Nuclear Layer

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19
Q

thin layer and portion of Rods & cones without nucleus

A

Fibers of Henle

20
Q

layer of synapse between terminal ends of Rods & cones and dendrons of Bipolar cells

A

Outer molecular/plexiform layer

21
Q

this layer has the modulator cells:

A

Inner nuclear Layer

22
Q

synapse between modulator cells & ganglion cells

has branches of retinal arteries and veins

A

Inner molecular/plexiform layer

23
Q

has 5-7 layer at fovea centralis and single layer of cell at peripheral retina

dendrites synapse with axons of bipolar & amacrine cells

A

Ganglionic Layer / transmitter cell layer

24
Q

has non-medullated/non-myelinated axons of ganglion cells passing the lamina cribrosa to become the optic nerve

Also contains CRA and choroidal Veins

A

Nerve fiber layer or Stratum opticum

25
Q

it is a thin hyaloid membrane separating the retina from the vitreous

INTERNAL amalgated end of Mueller’s fibers

A

Internal Limiting Membrane

26
Q

what are the modulator cells:

A

Bipolar Cell

Horizontal cells

Amacrine cells

Mueller’s cells

27
Q

this cell axon synapse with dendrites of ganglion cells and processes of amacrine cell at inner plexiform layer

dendrites synapse with single CONE

A

Bipolar Cells

28
Q

synapse mainly with rods and its axon synapse with bipolar cells

acts as condenser and collect impulses from a group of photo-receptors

inhibit the transmission of nerve impulse

A

Horizontal Cells

29
Q

Pear-shape cells w/o dendron

synapse w/ ganglion & bipolar cells

contains DOPAMINE

A

Amacrine cells

30
Q

Stellate-shape large astrocytes/glial cells

supporting/helping cells of N.S

A

Mueller’s cells

31
Q

mechanical support to retina because its processes forms the external and internal limiting membrane of the retina

Synthesize and store GLYCOGEN

furnishes glucose to neurons

A

Mueller’s cells

32
Q

synapses of Bipolar Cells:

A

axons synapse w/ ganglion cells & amacrine cells

dendrite synapse with Cones

33
Q

synapses of Horizontal cells:

A

dendrite synapse with Rods

axon synapse with Bipolar cells

34
Q

synapses of Amacrine cells:

A

Synapse with ganglion & bipolar cells

35
Q

Central retina close to Fovea is thicker than periphery due to:

A

increased density of:

Cones

Bipolar cells

Ganglion cells

36
Q

area where cones are concentrated at maximum density

region without RODS

arranged in packing density (Hexagonal Mosaic)

37
Q

Parts of Rods and Cones:

A
  1. Cytoplasmic Portion
  2. Neck
  3. Fiber
  4. Terminal End
38
Q

cytoplasmic portion with no visual purple:

A

Inner segment of cytoplasmic portion

39
Q

constricted inner end of cytoplasmic portion:

A

Neck of Rods & Cones

40
Q

contains axons of rods & cones:

A

Fiber of Rods & Cones

41
Q

Terminal end of Cones / expansion of cones:

42
Q

Terminal end of Rods:

A

Neuropodium

43
Q

innermost layer of Choroid

area wherein RPE is firmly adherent

A

Bruch’s membrane / Lamina Vitrea

44
Q

Yellow spot is due to:

A

Xanthophyll (carotenoid)

Zeaxanthin

Lutein

45
Q

it is where Xanthophyll, zeaxanthin & lutein are found:

A

Cone Fibers of Henle

46
Q

Xanthophyll protect the eye by:

A

absorbing ionizing BLUE light and UV light

47
Q

part of the sclera of the eye penetrated by the optic nerve:

A

Lamina Cribrosa

Physiological optics and Binocular Vision (12 decks)

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