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Sp15 - Anatomy Final > Reticular Formation and Cerebellum > Flashcards

Reticular Formation and Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Reticular Formation Location

A

Central core of the brainstem

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2
Q

Reticular Formation Function

A 
Regulates posture
some stereotypic motor behaviors
internal environment
pain regulation
sleep/wake cycles
emotional tone
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3
Q

What are the 3 longitudinal zones of the reticular formation from medial to lateral?

A

Raphe/Median
Medial/Paramedial
Lateral

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4
Q

Raphe zone

A

Adjacent to the sagittal plane of the reticular formation

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5
Q

Medial zone of Reticular formation

A

alongside the raphe
mix of large and small neurons
location of mostly ascending and descending projections

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6
Q

Lateral zone of Reticular formation

A

Most extensive RF zone
Prominent in rostral medulla and caudal pons
Primarily involved in cranial nerves reflexes and visceral functions

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7
Q

Connections of the reticular formation

A

Neurons have extensive, complex connections
May innervate multiple levels of the spinal cord, brainstem, thalamus
Some have bifurcating axons that ascend and descend

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8
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

Transient, conscious state of involuntary immobility
Caused bu hyper polarization of the spinal motor neurons originating in the cholinoceptive neurons in reticular formation

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9
Q

What are the tracts of the Reticular Formation?

A

Medial reticulospinal tract

Lateral reticulospinal tract

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10
Q

Medial reticulospinal tract

A

Starts in the pons
Ipsilateral
Descends near the MLF in the anterior funiculus

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11
Q

Lateral reticulospinal tract

A

Starts in the medulla
Descends bilaterally in lateral funiculus
Causes muscles to be flaccid during sleep

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12
Q

How does the Reticular formation effect movement?

A

Major alternative to corticospinal tract in regulating spinal motor neurons
Influences spinal motor neurons directly, so that only harmful/noxious stimuli evoke a reflex
Also contains basic neural machinery for some complex patterned movements (sectioning brainstem-diencephalon junction in cat)

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13
Q

What pattern generators are located in the Reticular Formation

A 
Gaze centers
Mastication
Locomotion
Heart Rate
Respiration
Swallowing, vomiting
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14
Q

Gaze Center location

A

Midbrain vertical gaze center

Pontine horizontal gaze center

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15
Q

Mastication pattern generator location

A

Supratrigeminal nucleus (in the pons)

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16
Q

Locomotion pattern generator location

A

Pons

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17
Q

Medulla Vital Center

A 
Location of the pattern generator for: 
Heart Rate
Respiration
Swallowing
Vomiting
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18
Q

Bruxism

A

Stereotyped movement disorder that causes tooth grinding or clenching
Seen more in younger individuals

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19
Q

Bruxism symptoms

A

Tooth grinding/clenching, leading to:
Sounds
Jaw muscle discomfort
Abnormal wear of tooth

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20
Q

Bruxism Mechanism

A

During sleep, muscles are in a state of atonia and Jaw muscles are co-contracted
Opening and closing muscles are contracted at the same time

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21
Q

What are the Bruxism cause theories.

A

Peripheral causes theory

Central causes theory

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22
Q

Peripheral causes theory

A

Malocclusion results in premature and one-sided contact
Jaw movements occur in an attempt to reach resting position
This theory is based on clinical observation an treatment experience

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23
Q

Central causes theory

A

Sleep-related dysfunction causes bruxism
Input to the supratrigeminal nucleus may be form basal ganglia, lateral hypothalamus, and central nucleus of the amygdala

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24
Q

What structure is key to the brain’s facilitation of pain suppression?

A

Reticular Formation

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25
Q

The Periaqueductal gray (PAG) is central to…

A

One well described pain suppression system

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26
Q

From where does the PAG receive pain fibers from?

A

Spinomesencephalic fibers

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27
Q

Where does the PAG send pain fibers to?

A

The raphe, and then they go on to the posterior horn of the spinal cord and spinal V nucleus

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28
Q

How do Opiates work?

A

They control pain by activating the PAG-raphe at multiple levels.

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29
Q

Where are opiate receptors abundant?

A

PAG
Raphe
Posterior horn of the spinal cord

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30
Q

How can the raphe inhibit pain to the STT?

A

Directly
Indirectly - by activating interneurons that inhibit STT
Directly inhibit pain afferents

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31
Q

What is the pathway for the Reticular Formation response to environmental conditions?

A

From the body to the RF, and then projects to the brainstem autonomic nuclei and spinal cord

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32
Q

What visceral functions are controlled at the pons and medulla level of the RF?

A

Inspiration
Expiration
Rhythm of breathing

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33
Q

What visceral functions are controlled at the medulla level of the RF?

A

Heart Rate

Blood Pressure

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34
Q

Where does the RF send projections to for Arousal and consciousness

A

Thalamic intralaminar nuclei, and then diffusely to the cortex

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35
Q

Where does the RF receive fibers from for arousal and consciousness?

A

Midbrain and pons level RF get input from multiple sensory modalities, such as pain and spinoreticular fibers

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36
Q

What neurochemicals have nuclei in the brainstem?

A

Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin

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37
Q

What neurochemicals have nuclei in the Hypothalamus?

A

Histamine containing neurons

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38
Q

What neurochemicals have nuclei in the Telencephalon?

A

Acetylcholine

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39
Q

Where are Noradrenergic (Norepinephrine) neurons located?

A 
Solitary nucleus (Medulla)
Locus ceruleus (Rostral pons)
Ventrolateral medulla (spinal cord)
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40
Q

What is the function of norepinephrine in the Solitary nucleus?

A

Help with memory enhancement

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41
Q

What is the function of norepinephrine in the Locus ceruleus?

A

Provides cortex vigilance and attention

It is highly active during attentive situations, moderatly active while awake, and low activity during sleep

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42
Q

What is the function of norepinephrine in the ventrolateral medulla?

A

Pain regulation

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43
Q

Clinical depression

A

Locus ceruleus neuron activity is reduced, leading to less norepinephrine

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44
Q

Why do Parkinson’s disease patients often suffer from clinical depression?

A

The locus ceruleus neurons are lost in Parkinson’s disease

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45
Q

What is the mechanism of some anti-depression medications?

A

Increase the firing rate of locus ceruleus neurons

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46
Q

Where are Dopaminergic (Dopamine) neurons located?

A

In the midbrain, more specifically:
Substantia nigra
Ventral segmental area

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47
Q

Dopamine neurons in the Substantia nigra pathway and function

A

Project to the Caudate and Putamen
Sends dopamine to the brain and is responsible for motor production
Pathway is less effective in Parkinson’s

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48
Q

What are the two tracts of Dopamine that come from the Ventral Tegmental area?

A

Mesocortical fibers

Mesolimbic fibers

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49
Q

Mesocortical fibers

A

Dopaminergic fibers from the Ventral Tegmental area with heavy projections to the frontal cortex
Organizes and initiates thinking and planning

50
Q

Mesolimbic fibers

A

Dopaminergic fibers from the Ventral Tegmental area to the amygdala
Associates emotional reward or sense of well being
Fibers are also associated with Drug dependency

51
Q

What is implicated in Schizophrenia?

A

Ventral Tegmental area

52
Q

What are the 2 components of Schizophrenia?

A

Social Withdrawal

Hallucinations

53
Q

Cause of Social Withdrawal in Schizophrenia

A

Low levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex

54
Q

Cause of Hallucinations in Schizophrenia

A

High levels of dopamine in the limbic system

55
Q

Where are serotonergic (Serotonin) neurons located?

A

At all brainstem levels in the Raphe - “Raphe nuclei”

56
Q

What is the function of raphe nuclei?

A

They direct attention by inhibiting distracting stimuli

Pojections to the hypothalamus are responsible for day-night cycles

57
Q

Where do raphe nuclei project to?

A

They are very extensive and profuse, especially to the sensory and limbic areas

58
Q

What do low levels of serotonin lead to?

A

High carbohydrate consumption
Binge eating
Carbohydrate preference in obese women

59
Q

What do high levels of serotonin lead to?

A

Compulsive behavior

Anorexia nervosa

60
Q

What do drugs that increase the levels of serotonin treat?

A

Depression

Anxiety

61
Q

Where are cholinergic (Acetylcholine) neurons located?

A 
Basal nucleus (of Maynert)
Dorsal Pontine tegmentum
62
Q

What is area is effected in Alzheimers?

A

Basal nucleus (of Maynert)

63
Q

What is one treatment of Alzheimers discussed in class?

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors, to slow the breakdown of Acetylcholine

64
Q

What is the cortex of the cerebellum, and what is it made of?

A

Outer surface

Gray matter

65
Q

What is the inside of the cerebellum made of?

A

White matter

66
Q

Functions of the cerebellum

A

Regulate equilibrium
Controls muscle tone and posture
Provides motor coordination for voluntary movements

67
Q

At what points can the cerebellum control voluntary movements

A

In the near future

During execution

68
Q

How does the cerebellum control voluntary movement in the near future?

A

Plan actions in space and time

69
Q

How does the cerebellum control voluntary movement during execution?

A

Monitor ongoing activity and adjust the output of the motor cortex

70
Q

What are the main fissures of the Cerebellum?

A

Primary fissure

Posterolateral fissure

71
Q

Primary fissure

A

Divides the body of the cerebellum into anterior and posterior lobes

72
Q

Posterolateral fissure

A

Separates flocconodular lobe from the body of the cerebellum

73
Q

What are the functional connections of the Cerebellum?

A

Vermis

Hemispheres

74
Q

What is the Vermis of the Cerebellum?

A

In the midline of the cerebellum

75
Q

What are the hemispheres of the Cerebellum and where are they located?

A

Medial Hemisphere - adjacent to the vermis

Lateral Hemisphere - adjacent to the medial hemisphere

76
Q

What are the 3 cerebellar peduncles

A

Attach the Cerebellum to the cortex

  • Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
  • Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
  • Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
77
Q

Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

A

Receives input from the spinal cord and brainstem
Monitors muscle and limb movement
Contains the Juxtarestiform body

78
Q

Juxtarestiform body

A

Interconnects vestibular nuclei and cerebellum

79
Q

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

A

The largest peduncle
Lateral to the pons
Receives afferents from the contralateral basis points
Relays motor signals form the cortex

80
Q

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

A

Sends efferent fibers from the red nucleus to the thalamus

81
Q

What are the cerebellar deep nuclei from medial to lateral?

A

Fastigal
Globose
Emboliform
Dentate

82
Q

What cerebellar deep nuclei make up the Interposed nucleus?

A

Globose

Emboliform

83
Q

What is likely the most ancient deep cerebellar nuclei

A

Fastigal

84
Q

Which deep nuclei contributes the most fibers in the Superior Cerebellar Peduncle?

A

Dentate nucleus

85
Q

What is the relay system of cerebellar circuitry?

A

1) Inputs arrive via the ICP or MCP, and they get projected to the cortex
2) Cortex deals with the signals
3) Cortex sends info the the deep nuclei
4) Deep nuclei send projections (via the SCP) to other parts of the brain

86
Q

What are the layers of the Cerebellar cortex from Superficial to deep?

A

Molecular layer
Purkinje cell layer
Granule layer

87
Q

Molecular Layer of Cerebellar Cortex

A

Contains Purkinje cell dendrites and granule neurons axons

88
Q

Parking Cell Layer of Cerebellar Cortex

A

Contain the only axons that leave the cortex

89
Q

Microzone

A

A group of Purkinje cells all having the same somatotopic receptive field
Contain ~1000 Purkinje cells arranged in a long, narrow strip oriented perpendicular to cortical folds

90
Q

What are the three fibers of Basic Cortical Circuitry

A

Climbing Fibers
Mossy Fibers
Parallel Fibers

91
Q

Climbing Fibers

A

Emerge from the Inferior Olivary Nuclei - emerge medially and ascend to the contralateral ICP and enter the cerebellum
They divide into 5-10 branches with each branch synapsing on a different Purkinje cell
They regulate Purkinje cell firing

92
Q

Mossy Fiber

A

Input form brainstem (pons), vestibular system, and spinal cord
Provide a major cortical input

93
Q

Parallel Fiber

A

Axon from a granule cell

94
Q

How is the cortex and deep nuclei connected?

A

Mossy and climbing fibers send collaterals to deep nuclei before axons enter the cortex
Parking cell axons end in the deep nucleus

95
Q

What are the longitudinal zones of the Cerebellum?

A

Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Pontocerebellum

96
Q

Spinocerebellum Input

A

Spinal cord

Brainstem

97
Q

Spinocerebellum cerebellar location

A

Paranormal area

Part of the vermis

98
Q

Spinocerebellum Output

A

Red nucleus

VA/VL of the thalamus

99
Q

Spinocerebellum Function

A

Coordination of trunk and limb movements

100
Q

Vestibulocerebellum Input

A

Vestibular end organ

Vestibular nuclei

101
Q

Vestibulocerebellum cerebellar location

A

Flocconodular lobe

Part of the vermis

102
Q

Vestibulocerebellum Output

A

Fastigal nucleus

Vestibular nuclei

103
Q

Vestibulocerebellum Function

A

Control eye movement

Balance

104
Q

Pontocerebellum Input

A

Motor cortex
Basilar pons
Middle cerebellar peduncle

105
Q

Pontocerebellum cerebellar location

A

Lateral cerebellar hemisphere

106
Q

Pontocerebellum Output

A

Dentate nucleus
Red nucleus
VA/VL of thalamus

107
Q

Pontocerebellum Function

A

Planning and timing of movement (especially of the upper extremities)
Coordination of speech

108
Q

Lateral hemisphere function

A

Planning learned, skillful movements (those that become more precise and rapid with practice)

109
Q

Lateral hemisphere injury

A

Involves arm and speech

  • intention tremor
  • dysdiadochokinesia (rapid, alternating movements)
  • dysmetria (finger-to-nose test)
  • dysarthria (scanning or explosive speech)
110
Q

Medial hemisphere function

A

Adjusting limb movement

111
Q

Vermis function

A

Postural adjustments

112
Q

Vermis Injury

A

Leads to

  • truncal ataxia
  • disturbances in balance while seated or standing
  • gait ataxia
113
Q

Flocculus and vermis Function

A

Eye movements

114
Q

Flocculus and vermis Injury

A

Leads to:

-Nystagmus (back and fourth eye movements)

115
Q

Vermis input projects to

A

Fastigal nuclei

116
Q

Medial hemisphere projects to:

A

Interposed nucleus (Globose and Embeliform)

117
Q

Lateral hemisphere projects to:

A

Dentate nuclei

118
Q

What is the principle output from the cerebellar nuclei?

A

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

119
Q

Cerebral hemisphere controls what side muscles?

A

Contralateral

120
Q

Cerebral hemisphere influences what side limbs?

A

Ipsilateral

121
Q

Cerebral hemisphere projects to what side of the thalamus?

A

Cotnralateral

Sp15 - Anatomy Final (3 decks)

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