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Sp15 - Anatomy Final > Forebrain Anatomy and Limbic System > Flashcards

Forebrain Anatomy and Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

What structures make up the Diencephalon?

A

Epithalamus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus

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2
Q

What structures make up the Epithalamus?

A

Pineal gland

Habenula

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3
Q

Pineal gland

A

Secretes melatonin

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4
Q

Mealatonin

A

Released during darkness

Regulates sleep-wake cycles

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5
Q

Habenula

A

Paired structure near the base of the pineal gland

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6
Q

Habenula major input

A

Stria medullaris (limbic input)

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7
Q

Habenula major output

A

Habenulointerpeduncular tract to midbrain Reticular formation

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8
Q

Thalamus borders

A 
Lateral ventricle (superior)
Internal capsule (lateral)
Globulus Paladus (inferolateral)
Hypothalamus (Inferior)
3rd Ventricle (Medial)
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9
Q

Thalamus

A

“Gateway to the cortex”

Relay station for many pathways going to the cortex

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10
Q

What pathways relay in the thalamus?

A

All sensory pathways (except olfaction)
Cerebellar pathways
Basal ganglia
Limbic systems

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11
Q

T/F - Systems that relay in the thalamus mostly use different parts

A

True - So the thalamus is comprised of distinct nuclei

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12
Q

What are the subdivisions of the thalamic nuclei?

A 
Anterior division
Medial division
Lateral division
Intralaminar
Reticular nucleus
Midline nucleus
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13
Q

What is located in the Anterior division of the thalamus?

A

Anterior nuclei

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14
Q

What is located in the medial division of the thalamus?

A

Dorsomedial nucleus

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15
Q

What are the tiers of the Lateral division of the thalamus?

A

Dorsal tier

Ventral tier

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16
Q

Divisions of the dorsal tier of the lateral division of the thalamus

A

Lateral dorsal
Lateral posterior
Pulvinar

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17
Q

Divisions of the ventral tier of the lateral division of the thalamus

A

Ventral anterior
Ventral lateral
Ventral posterior

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18
Q

Divisions of the Ventral posterior division of the ventral tier of the lateral division of the thalamus

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Medial geniculate nucleus

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19
Q

What is part of the intralainar division of the thalamus

A

Centromedian
Parafascicular
others

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20
Q

What defines the subdivisions of the thalamus?

A

Internal medullary lamina

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21
Q

What makes up thalamic nuclei?

A

Projection neurons

Interneurons

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22
Q

Projection neurons

A

Provide output from the thalamus

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23
Q

Interneurons

A

Small, inhibitory neurons

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24
Q

What are the basic types of thalamic input?

A

Specific inputs

Regulatory inputs

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25
Q

Specific inputs

A

Convey info a thalamic nucleus passes to the cortex

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26
Q

Regulatory inputs

A

Thalamic nucleus contributes to the info it receives before it is passed to the cortex

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27
Q

What are the basic types of thalamic nuclei?

A

Relay nuclei
Association nuclei
Intralaminar or midline nuclei

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28
Q

Relay nuclei

A

Receive well defined specific input from a subcortical source and project to a well-defined area of cortex

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29
Q

Association nuclei

A

Receive specific inputs from association cortex and project back

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30
Q

Intralaminar and midline nuclei

A

Receive distant set of specific inputs (basal ganglia, limbic structures) and project to cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic structures

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31
Q

Reticular nucleus

A

Sheet of neurons that covers the thalamus
Important source of regulatory input to the thalamus
Axons must traverse the nucleus to enter/leave the thalamus and sends collaterals to it

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32
Q

Reticular nucleus projections

A

No projections to the cortex - unlike all other thalamic nuclei

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33
Q

Reticular nucleus input

A

Cortex and thalamis

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34
Q

Reticular output

A

Inhibitory axons to thalamus

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35
Q

Where are the sensory system relay nuclei?

A

VPL

VPM

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36
Q

Where are the motor system relay nuclei

A

VA

VL

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37
Q

Where are the limbic system relay nuclei?

A

AN

LD

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38
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

Critical in autonomic, endocrine, emotional, and somatic functions
Maintains physiologic range or homeostasis

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39
Q

What are the connections of the Hypothalamus?

A

Interconnected with limbic system
Output to pituitary
Interconnects visceral and somatic nuclei

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40
Q

Hypothalamus contents

A

Optic chiama
Infundibular stalk
Mammillary body

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41
Q

Hypothalamus longitudinal divisions

A

Anterior region
Tubular region
Posterior region

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42
Q

Hypothalamus Medial-Lateral Organization

A

Lateral
Periventral
Medial

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43
Q

Lateral division of Hypothalamus

A

Rostral continuation of the reticular formation

Contains nuclei and tracts

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44
Q

Periventral division of Hypothalamus

A

Rostral continuation of periaqueductal gray

Contains nuclei and tracts

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45
Q

Medial division of Hypothalamus

A

Contains nuclei

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46
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus location

A

Periventricular zone of the Anterior region of the hypothalamus

47
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus fuctions

A

Gets direct renal input
Master clock of our circadian rhythms - on a 25 hr cycle that is reset by daylight
Has melatonin receptors and is responsible to pineal gland activity

48
Q

Paraventricular nucleus location

A

Medial zone of the Anterior region of the hypothalamus

49
Q

Paraventricular nucleus function

A

Elaborate hormones that travel down axons and are released in neurohypophysis

50
Q

Supraoptic nucleus function

A

Elaborate hormones that travel down axons and are released on neurohypophysis

51
Q

Supraoptic nucleus location

A

Medial zone of the Anterior region of the Hypothalamus

52
Q

Lateral Preoptic nucleus location

A

Lateral zone of Anterior region of the Hypothalamus

53
Q

Lateral Preoptic nucleus function

A

Promotes sleep

54
Q

Arcuate nucleus location

A

Periventricular zone of Tuberal region of Hypothalamus

55
Q

Arcuate nucleus function

A

Involved in feeding behaviors

56
Q

Tuberomammillary nucleus location

A

Lateral zone of tubular region of the Hypothalamus

57
Q

Tuberomammillary nucleus function

A

Diffuse histaminergic projections to cerebral cortex and thalamus
Activity of these projections is likely inhibited by some types of antihistamine drugs

58
Q

What are the 2 key areas of Hypothalamic input

A

Parts of forebrain (especially the limbic system)

Brainstem and Spinal cord

59
Q

Forebrain connections to the hypothalamus

A

Convey info needed for the hypothalamus to mediate autonomic/somatic aspects of emotional states

60
Q

Brainstem and spinal cord connections to the hypothalamus

A

Convey visceral and sensory information

61
Q

Hippocammpus connection to the Hypothalamus

A

via the fornix

62
Q

Amygdala connection to the Hypothalamus

A

via the Stria terminals and Ventral amygdofugal pathway

63
Q

Hypothalamic ouputs

A

Use the same pathways as the inputs

Cortical outputs end diffusely

64
Q

What hormones are part of the Hypothalamus control of the pituitary?

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
Oxytocin
65
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Increases water reabsorption

Decreases urine output

66
Q

Oxytocin

A

Contraction of uterine and other smooth muscles

67
Q

Limbic System function

A

Drive-related and emotional behaviors

68
Q

Limbis system contents

A 
Cingulate gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Septal Nuclei
69
Q

Amygdala location

A

In anterior, medial temporal lobe

Merges with periamygdaloid cortex

70
Q

What are the three nuclear groups of the amygdala?

A

Medial
Central-hypothal
Basolateral-cortex and central nuclei

71
Q

Medial nuclear group of Amygdala function

A

Olfaction

72
Q

Central-hypothal nuclear group of Amygdala function

A

Emotional responses

73
Q

Basolateral cortex of Amygdala function

A

Emotional responses

74
Q

From where does the Amygdala receive inputs for general sense of emotional and physical comfort/discomfort?

A

From orbital cortex and cingulate

75
Q

From where does the Amygdala receive inputs for visceral sensory?

A

From Brainstem, PAG, and others

76
Q

From where does the Amygdala receive input for Vision, taste, hearing, and somatosensory?

A

From cortex and thalamus

77
Q

From where does the Amygdala receive input for olfaction?

A

Olfactory bulb and cortex

78
Q

What are the 4 routes for amygdala input?

A

Stria terminalis
Ventral amygdalofugal pathway
Lateral olfactory tract
Directly from temporal lobe cortex and hippocampus

79
Q

Stria terminalis

A

From hypothalamus and septal nuclei to amygdala

80
Q

Ventral amygdalofugal pathway

A

From thalamus, hypothalamus, orbital and anterior cingulate cortex to the amygdala

81
Q

Lateral olfactory tract

A

From olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex to amygdala

82
Q

What are the amygdala outputs?

A

Stria terminalis
VAG pathway
Ventral striatum

83
Q

Amygdala output to the ventral striatum

A

Meason for drive-related information to influence decisions about movement

84
Q

Limbic Loop in basal ganglia

A

Drive-related information to influence movement/behavior
Associates stimuli with rewards
Pleasure results in increased ventral striatum dopamine release

85
Q

Amygdala function

A

Links perception of object/situation with correct emotional response - especially in the case of danger

86
Q

Thalamus and cortex inputs to amygdala function

A

Inform the amygdala about situations or objects in the environment

87
Q

Hypothalamus and limbic system inputs to amygdala function

A

Informs the amygdala about current physiological and emotional state

88
Q

Amygdala outputs to Ventral striatum, hypothalamus and brainstem initiate…

A

Emotional response

89
Q

Amygdala output to cortex initiates…

A

An increase of awareness

90
Q

Amygdala output to limbic system…

A

Contributes to emotional experience

91
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome cause

A

Bilateral temporal lobe injury involving the amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus

92
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome symptoms

A

Fearless
No emotional reactions
Don’t flee or respond to threats from others
Males become hyper sexual and indiscriminate to sexual partners (can be inanimate objects or other species)
Inordinate sensation to all sensory stimuli
May pick up same object repeatedly and recognize nothing

93
Q

Bilateral removal of Hippocampus causes:

A

Impaired declarative memory, and cannot form new episodic memories or semantic memories

94
Q

Episodic memories

A

Past personal experiences

95
Q

Semantic memories

A

Ideas or concepts not related to personal experiences (i.e. State Capitals)

96
Q

Henry Molaison

A

Patient that had surgery to control his epilepsy
After the surgery, he could not consolidate and store long-term memories
He could remember things from before the surgery, and everything else was functioning normally

97
Q

Fornix

A

A long course under the corpus callosum

An important hippocampal output pathway

98
Q

What are the zones of the Hippocampus?

A

Dentate gyrus
Hippocampus Proper
Subiculum

99
Q

Subiculum

A

Transition between hippocampus proper and adjacent parahippocampal cortex

100
Q

Entorhinal cortex projects to…

A

Dentate gyrus

101
Q

Dentate neuron projects to…

A

CA3

102
Q

CA3 neuron projects to…

A

fibriam and CA1

103
Q

Subiculum projects to

A

Fimbria

104
Q

Subicular neuron projects to…

A

Entorhinal cortex

105
Q

Entorhinal neuron projects to…

A

Sensory cortex

106
Q

Papez circuit

A

Interactions among limbic structures, cortex, and hypothalamus
Emotional experiences are processed memory

107
Q

Medial geniculate nucleus function

A

Relay nucleus for hearing

108
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus function

A

Relay nucleus for vision

109
Q

Ventral posterior medial nucleus function

A

Sensory relay nucleus for the face

110
Q

Ventral posterior lateral nucleus function

A

Sensory relay nucleus for the body

111
Q

Ventral anterior nucleus function

A

Motor relay nucleus

112
Q

Ventral lateral nucleus function

A

Motor relay nucleus

113
Q

Anterior nucleus function

A

Relay nucleus for the limbic system

114
Q

Intralaminar nucleus function

A

Component of reticular activating system

Sp15 - Anatomy Final (3 decks)

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