reticular formation

Question 0

raphe nuclei

Answer 0

immediately adjacent to sagittal plane on each side

Question 1

what are the three longitudinal zones

Answer 1

raphe nuclei
medial zone
lateral zone

Question 2

medial zone

Answer 2

alongside raphe, mixture of large and small neurons, source of most ascending and descending projections

Question 3

lateral zone

Answer 3

prominent in rostral medulla and caudal pons, primarily involved in cranial nerve reflexes and visceral functions

Question 4

reticular formation neurons…

Answer 4

have extensive, complex connections; may innervate multiple levels of spinal cord, brainstem and thalamus

Question 5

the reticular formation is phylogenetically ____ and the central core of the ________

Answer 5

old, brainstem

Question 6

rf extends in the cerebrum as the

Answer 6

hypothalamus

Question 7

rf is important in the regulation of

Answer 7

posture
stereotypic motor behaviors
pain regulation
sleep and wakefulness
emotional tone

Question 8

two reticulospinal tracts

Answer 8

medial and lateral

Question 9

medial reticulospinal tract

Answer 9

pons; ipsilateral, descends near MLF and in anterior funiculus

Question 10

lateral reticulospinal tract

Answer 10

medulla; descends bilaterally in lateral funiculus

Question 11

reticular formation and movement

Answer 11

major alternative to corticospinal tract in regulating spinal motor neurons

Question 12

influences spinal motor neurons _______

Answer 12

directly

Question 13

regulates spinal reflexes

Answer 13

so that only noxious stimuli evoke a reflex

Question 14

reticulospinal tract neurons receive input from many areas including

Answer 14

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, substantia nigra, etc

Question 15

rf contains basic neural machinery for

Answer 15

some complex patterned movements

Question 16

rhythmic motor patterns

Answer 16

gaze centers, mastication (pons), locomotion (pons),

heart rate, respiration, swallowing, vomiting (medulla “vital center”)

Question 17

2 theories of what causes bruxism

Answer 17

peripheral causes theory and central causes theory

Question 18

central causes theory

Answer 18

sleep-related dysfunctions cause bruxism

input to supratrigeminal nucleus may be from basal ganglia, lateral hypothalamus, and central nucleus of the amygdala

Question 19

rf modulates transmission in

Answer 19

pain pathways

Question 20

nervous system can ______ or __________ pain, depending on curcumstances

Answer 20

suppress, facilitate

wounded soldiers on the battlefield who continue to function
*rf is key to these functions

Question 21

_________ ________ is central to one well described pain suppress system

Answer 21

periaqueductal gray

Question 22

_____ receives pain info spinomesencephalic fibers

Answer 22

PAG

Question 23

PAG also gets input from

Answer 23

hypothalamus, cortex, ect; may contain behavioral state info
—should pain suppression be activated

Question 24

PAG to ______ then to _________

Answer 24

raphe, posterior horn of spinal cord/spinal V nucleus

Question 25

One way opiates work to control pain is to

Answer 25

activate PAG-raphe at multiple levels

Question 26

Opiate receptors are abundant in

Answer 26

PAG, raphe, posterior horn of cord

Question 27

raphe can inhibit STT directly or indirectly by activating ________ that inhibit STT

Answer 27

interneurons can also directly inhibit pain afferents

Question 28

A lot of _________ information reaches rf

Answer 28

visceral

Question 29

rf and autonomic reflex circuitry

Answer 29

responds to environmental changes and projects to brainstem autonomic nuclei and spinal cord

Question 30

centers controlling inspiration, expiration, rhythm of breathing in

Answer 30

pons and medulla

Question 31

heart rate and blood pressure control in

Answer 31

medulla

Question 32

rf and autonomic reflex circuitry is comparable to

Answer 32

pattern generators in motor control

Question 33

rf and arousal and consciousness.. rf projections to ______ and _______

Answer 33

thalamus, cortex

Question 34

____ and ______ rf get input from multiple sensory modalities

Answer 34

midbrain, pons - project to thalamic intralaminar nuclei, which project diffusely to cortex - heightens arousal in response to sensory stimuli or tasks that demand attention

Question 35

rf- thalamic intralaminar nuclear projections to cortex and monoamine reticular projections work together to

Answer 35

modulate cortical activity

Question 36

maintain consciousness

Answer 36

- bilateral damage to midbrain RF results in prolonged coma | - known as ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

Question 37

ARAS also has a role in

Answer 37

sleep-wakefulness cycle

Question 38

Nuclei have diffusely distributed connections and

Answer 38

extensively blanket cortex and other areas

Question 39

brainstem:

Answer 39

norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin

Question 40

hypothalamus

Answer 40

histamine containing neurons

Question 41

telencephalon

Answer 41

acetylcholine

Question 42

Norepinephrine (NE) | noradrenergic neurons in:

Answer 42

Medulla- solitary nucleus (memory enhancement) Rostral Pons- **Locus ceruleus

Question 43

locus ceruleus neurons

Answer 43

- respond to novel environmental stimuli | - stimulation produces increased state of arousal and feeling of anticipation

Question 44

norepinephrine released in the cortex

Answer 44

facilitates attention to selected stimuli

Question 45

norepinephrine released in the trigeminal spinal nucleus and spinal cord

Answer 45

suppresses incoming pain signals

Question 46

norepinephrine and clinical depression

Answer 46

- decreased levels of NE - Locus ceruleus neuron activity reduced - Parkinson's disease patients often suffer from depression -- locus ceruleus neurons are lost in parkinsons disease - some drugs used for depression increase the rate of firing of locus ceruleus neurons

Question 47

norepinephrine and panic disorder

Answer 47

increased levels of NE

Question 48

Dopamine (DA)

Answer 48

dopaminergic neurons in midbrain - substantia nigra (putamen and caudate) - ventral tegmental area (limbic system)

Question 49

dopaminergic neurons in midbrain- substantia nigra

Answer 49

nigrostriatal, motor activity | parkinson disease

Question 50

dopaminergic neurons in midbrain- ventral tegmental area

Answer 50

``` mesocortical fibers- organized thinking and planning; heavy projections to frontal cortex mesolimbic fibers ( nucleus accumbens, amygdala) - emotional reward, drug dependency ```

Question 51

ventral tegmental area is a major source of

Answer 51

dopamine

Question 52

two tracts from the ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Answer 52

mesolimbic tract-to the limbic system (nucleus accumbens septi - sense of reward or well being) mesocortical tract- to frontal cortex (organizes and initiates behavior)

Question 53

VTA is implicated in

Answer 53

schizophrenia - disorganized thing (frontal lobe) - hallucinations (limbic system/temporal lobe)

Question 54

two components of schizophrenia

Answer 54

social withdrawal | hallucinations

Question 55

social withdrawal- low levels of _____ in the ________

Answer 55

dopamine, prefrontal cortex

Question 56

hallucinations - _______ levels of _________ in the __________

Answer 56

high, dopamine, limbic system

Question 57

drugs that lower the level of dopamine are effective in reducing ?

Answer 57

hallucinations

Question 58

________ neurons are located at pretty much all brainstem levels in raphe

Answer 58

serotonergic

Question 59

midbrain raphe nuclei to ?

Answer 59

all regions of cortex - attention: inhibition of distracting stimuli - hypothalamus: day night cycle

Question 60

medullary raphe nuclei to ?

Answer 60

``` spinal cord (pain suppression) -nucleus raphe magnus ```

Question 61

clinical depression

Answer 61

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

Question 62

serotonergic projections are

Answer 62

very extensive and profuse, especially to sensory and limbic areas

Question 63

low levels of serotonin

Answer 63

- high carbohydrate consumption - binge eating - carbohydrate preference in obese women

Question 64

high levels of serotonin

Answer 64

compulsive behavior and anorexia nervosa

Question 65

drugs that increase the level of serotonin are used to treat

Answer 65

depression and anxiety

Question 66

acetylcholine (Ach)

Answer 66

cholinergic neurons basal forebrain; basal nucleus (of Meynert) Part of RF; dorsolateral pontine tegmentum

Question 67

cholinergic neurons

Answer 67

basal forebrain; basal nucleus (of meynert) (alzheimer disease)

Question 68

drug treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors

Answer 68

slows the breakdown of acetylcholine

Question 69

cholinergic neurons

Answer 69

dorsolateral pontine tegmentum - pedunculopontine nucleus - laterodorsal tegmental nucleus - sleep and wakefulness