Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy exam 3 > reticular formation > Flashcards

reticular formation Flashcards

0
Q

raphe nuclei

A

immediately adjacent to sagittal plane on each side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

what are the three longitudinal zones

A

raphe nuclei
medial zone
lateral zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

medial zone

A

alongside raphe, mixture of large and small neurons, source of most ascending and descending projections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

lateral zone

A

prominent in rostral medulla and caudal pons, primarily involved in cranial nerve reflexes and visceral functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

reticular formation neurons…

A

have extensive, complex connections; may innervate multiple levels of spinal cord, brainstem and thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the reticular formation is phylogenetically ____ and the central core of the ________

A

old, brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

rf extends in the cerebrum as the

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

rf is important in the regulation of

A 
posture
stereotypic motor behaviors
pain regulation
sleep and wakefulness
emotional tone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

two reticulospinal tracts

A

medial and lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

medial reticulospinal tract

A

pons; ipsilateral, descends near MLF and in anterior funiculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

lateral reticulospinal tract

A

medulla; descends bilaterally in lateral funiculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

reticular formation and movement

A

major alternative to corticospinal tract in regulating spinal motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

influences spinal motor neurons _______

A

directly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

regulates spinal reflexes

A

so that only noxious stimuli evoke a reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

reticulospinal tract neurons receive input from many areas including

A

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, substantia nigra, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

rf contains basic neural machinery for

A

some complex patterned movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

rhythmic motor patterns

A

gaze centers, mastication (pons), locomotion (pons),

heart rate, respiration, swallowing, vomiting (medulla “vital center”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

2 theories of what causes bruxism

A

peripheral causes theory and central causes theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

central causes theory

A

sleep-related dysfunctions cause bruxism

input to supratrigeminal nucleus may be from basal ganglia, lateral hypothalamus, and central nucleus of the amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

rf modulates transmission in

A

pain pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

nervous system can ______ or __________ pain, depending on curcumstances

A

suppress, facilitate

wounded soldiers on the battlefield who continue to function
*rf is key to these functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

_________ ________ is central to one well described pain suppress system

A

periaqueductal gray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

_____ receives pain info spinomesencephalic fibers

A

PAG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

PAG also gets input from

A

hypothalamus, cortex, ect; may contain behavioral state info
—should pain suppression be activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

PAG to ______ then to _________

A

raphe, posterior horn of spinal cord/spinal V nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

One way opiates work to control pain is to

A

activate PAG-raphe at multiple levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Opiate receptors are abundant in

A

PAG, raphe, posterior horn of cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

raphe can inhibit STT directly or indirectly by activating ________ that inhibit STT

A

interneurons

can also directly inhibit pain afferents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

A lot of _________ information reaches rf

A

visceral

29
Q

rf and autonomic reflex circuitry

A

responds to environmental changes and projects to brainstem autonomic nuclei and spinal cord

30
Q

centers controlling inspiration, expiration, rhythm of breathing in

A

pons and medulla

31
Q

heart rate and blood pressure control in

A

medulla

32
Q

rf and autonomic reflex circuitry is comparable to

A

pattern generators in motor control

33
Q

rf and arousal and consciousness.. rf projections to ______ and _______

A

thalamus, cortex

34
Q

____ and ______ rf get input from multiple sensory modalities

A

midbrain, pons

  • project to thalamic intralaminar nuclei, which project diffusely to cortex
  • heightens arousal in response to sensory stimuli or tasks that demand attention
35
Q

rf- thalamic intralaminar nuclear projections to cortex and monoamine reticular projections work together to

A

modulate cortical activity

36
Q

maintain consciousness

A
  • bilateral damage to midbrain RF results in prolonged coma

- known as ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

37
Q

ARAS also has a role in

A

sleep-wakefulness cycle

38
Q

Nuclei have diffusely distributed connections and

A

extensively blanket cortex and other areas

39
Q

brainstem:

A

norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin

40
Q

hypothalamus

A

histamine containing neurons

41
Q

telencephalon

A

acetylcholine

42
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

noradrenergic neurons in:

A

Medulla- solitary nucleus (memory enhancement)

Rostral Pons- **Locus ceruleus

43
Q

locus ceruleus neurons

A
  • respond to novel environmental stimuli

- stimulation produces increased state of arousal and feeling of anticipation

44
Q

norepinephrine released in the cortex

A

facilitates attention to selected stimuli

45
Q

norepinephrine released in the trigeminal spinal nucleus and spinal cord

A

suppresses incoming pain signals

46
Q

norepinephrine and clinical depression

A
  • decreased levels of NE
  • Locus ceruleus neuron activity reduced
  • Parkinson’s disease patients often suffer from depression – locus ceruleus neurons are lost in parkinsons disease
  • some drugs used for depression increase the rate of firing of locus ceruleus neurons
47
Q

norepinephrine and panic disorder

A

increased levels of NE

48
Q

Dopamine (DA)

A

dopaminergic neurons in midbrain

  • substantia nigra (putamen and caudate)
  • ventral tegmental area (limbic system)
49
Q

dopaminergic neurons in midbrain- substantia nigra

A

nigrostriatal, motor activity

parkinson disease

50
Q

dopaminergic neurons in midbrain- ventral tegmental area

A 
mesocortical fibers- organized thinking and planning; heavy projections to frontal cortex
mesolimbic fibers ( nucleus accumbens, amygdala) - emotional reward, drug dependency
51
Q

ventral tegmental area is a major source of

A

dopamine

52
Q

two tracts from the ventral tegmental area (VTA)

A

mesolimbic tract-to the limbic system (nucleus accumbens septi - sense of reward or well being)

mesocortical tract- to frontal cortex (organizes and initiates behavior)

53
Q

VTA is implicated in

A

schizophrenia

  • disorganized thing (frontal lobe)
  • hallucinations (limbic system/temporal lobe)
54
Q

two components of schizophrenia

A

social withdrawal

hallucinations

55
Q

social withdrawal- low levels of _____ in the ________

A

dopamine, prefrontal cortex

56
Q

hallucinations - _______ levels of _________ in the __________

A

high, dopamine, limbic system

57
Q

drugs that lower the level of dopamine are effective in reducing ?

A

hallucinations

58
Q

________ neurons are located at pretty much all brainstem levels in raphe

A

serotonergic

59
Q

midbrain raphe nuclei to ?

A

all regions of cortex

  • attention: inhibition of distracting stimuli
  • hypothalamus: day night cycle
60
Q

medullary raphe nuclei to ?

A 
spinal cord (pain suppression)
-nucleus raphe magnus
61
Q

clinical depression

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

62
Q

serotonergic projections are

A

very extensive and profuse, especially to sensory and limbic areas

63
Q

low levels of serotonin

A
  • high carbohydrate consumption
  • binge eating
  • carbohydrate preference in obese women
64
Q

high levels of serotonin

A

compulsive behavior and anorexia nervosa

65
Q

drugs that increase the level of serotonin are used to treat

A

depression and anxiety

66
Q

acetylcholine (Ach)

A

cholinergic neurons
basal forebrain; basal nucleus (of Meynert)
Part of RF; dorsolateral pontine tegmentum

67
Q

cholinergic neurons

A

basal forebrain; basal nucleus (of meynert) (alzheimer disease)

68
Q

drug treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors

A

slows the breakdown of acetylcholine

69
Q

cholinergic neurons

A

dorsolateral pontine tegmentum

  • pedunculopontine nucleus
  • laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
  • sleep and wakefulness

anatomy exam 3 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions