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Human neurobiology > RETICULAR FORMATION > Flashcards

RETICULAR FORMATION Flashcards

1
Q

What is the RETICULAR FORMATION: 2

A
  1. Network of interneurons extending throughout the spinal TEGMENTUM of the BRAINSTEM and CENTRAL CORE of the SPINAL CORD.
  2. All Systems in RF are influenced by projections FROM OTHER brain areas and can in turn, influence the function of these other Brain areas and Each other.

RETICULAR FORMATION = THE INTEGRATOR

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2
Q

What are the 3 FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS of the RETICULAR FORMATION and what do the process?

A
  1. LATERAL ZONE: processes AFFERENT, SENSORY INFORMATION
  2. MEDIAL ZONE: processes EFFERENT, MOTOT INFORMATION
  3. NEURTOTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS:
    - 1. Serotonergic
    - 2. dopaminergic
    - 3. Noradrenergic
    and others
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3
Q

UNDERSTANDING the LATERAL ZONE NUCLEI of the RF:

Where does it go? 5
What does it do?

A

LATERAL ZONE OF THE RETICULAR FORMATION:

  1. THALAMUS
    - to influence the cortical output
  2. HYPOTHALAMUS
    - to influence output to the spinal cord through the medial zone
  3. SPINAL CORD
    - spinocerebellar tract afferents from the spinal cord
  4. MEDIAL ZONE OF RETICULAR FORMATION
    - to influence output to the spinal cord through the medial zone
  5. AMINOERGIC AND CHOLINERGIC NUCLEI
    - to influence level of conciousness
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4
Q

Understanding the lateral zone of nuclei of RF:
BASIC PATHWAY

A
  1. Receives AFFERENTS info from SPINAL CORD
  2. SPINORETICULAR TRACT; comprising of collaterals from the POSTEROIR COLUMN-MEDIAL LEMINISCAL and SPINO THALAMIC TRACTS
  3. LATERAL ZONE NEURONS PROJECT TO:
    - hypothalamus
    -thalamus
    - spinal cord
    -medial zone of rf
    - Aminoergic and cholinergic nuclei
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5
Q

Understanding the MEDIAL ZONE NUCLEI OF RF: Pathway = 4

how? and what?

A
  1. Medial zone of RF has EFFERENT PROJECTIONS that MODULATE MOTOR OUTPUT
  2. Has RECIPROCAL CONNECTIONS with ALL SYSTEMS INVOLVING MOVEMENT.
  3. PROJECTS TO LMN VIA RETICULOSPINAL TRACT TO MODULE MUSCLE TONE
  4. MUSCLE TONE: reflects our level of arousal, stress and general state of mind.
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6
Q

MEDIAL ZONE NUCLEI OF RF: where it goes, how it communicates

A

MEDIAL ZONE <—-> (back and forth communication)
- THALAMUS
- BASAL GANGLIA
- CORTEX
- CEREBELLUM
—————————————————————————–

SPINAL CORD (Spinoreticular tract afferents from spinal cord) —-> LATERAL ZONE —–> MEDIAL ZONE OF RF (RETICULOSPINAL TRACT to modulate the lower motor neuron in the spinal cord) —–> SPINAL CORD

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7
Q

Understanding Neurotransmitter Systems of RF:

ROLE AND WHAT

A

ROLE:
1. Influence level of CONSCIOUSNESS, WAKEFULNESS and SLEEP

  1. Play role in PROCESSING PAIN, MOTIVATION, REWARD AND ADDICTION

INVOLVES: DOPAMINE, NOREPINEPHRINE AND SEROTONIN

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8
Q

UNDERSTANDING DOPAMINE:

PRODUCED:

RELEASED:

ROLE:

MAIN ACTION:

A

PRODUCED:
- SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
- VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA

RELEASED:
- neurohormone released by HYPOTHALAMUS

ROLE:
- involved in FOREBRAIN CIRCUITS associated with EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND REWARD.

MAIN ACTION:
- via D1 RECEPTORS = EXITATORY
- via D2 RECEPTORS = INHIBITORY

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9
Q

The pathway of Dopamine:

SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA

A

SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
1. Dopaminergic cell bodies in SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
2. Via CAUDATE NUCLEUS AND PUTAMEN (STRIATUM) = NIGROSTRIAL SYSTEM

AFFECTS: ROLE IN CONTROL OF MOVEMENT

VTA
VTA neurons in
- NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS
- VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA

MESOCORTICOLIMBIC DOPAMINE SYSTEM
- PREFRONTAL CORTEX
- LIMBIC SYSTEM STRUCTURE: AMYGDALA, HIPPOCAMPUS, HYPOTHALAMUS, OLFACTORU TUBERCLE

AFFECTS: MOTIVATION, REWAD, EMOTION ADDICTION AND DEPRESSION.

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10
Q

Ventral Tegmental area produces DOPAMINE for:
5

A

The Ventral Tegmental area produces DOPAMINE for:

  1. Motivation
  2. Reward
  3. Emotion
  4. Drug Seeking
  5. Executive Function: working memory, decision making
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11
Q

Understanding SEROTONIN (5-HT)
PRODUCED:

RELEASED:

ROLE:

MAIN ACTION:

A

PRODUCED:
- 95% IN GIT
- 5% RAPHE NUCLEI IN THE BRAIN

RELEASED:
- SEROTONERGIC NEURONS in RAPHE NUCLEUS SEND OUT WIDESPREAD PROJECTIONS

ROLE:
involved in pathways that regulate MOOD, EMOTION AND SEVERAL HOMEOSTATIC PATHWAYS

MAIN ACTION:
- inhibitory or excitatory effects
- influence mood, appetite, aggression, pain, sleep-wake state and cognitive functions

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12
Q

The RAPHE-NUCLEI produce 5-HT (SEROTONIN ) FOR:

6

A

The RAPHE-NUCLEI produce 5-HT (SEROTONIN )FOR
1. COGNITIVE FUNCTION
2. APPETITE
3. MOOD
4. AGGRESSION
5. PAIN
6. SLEEP-WAKE STATE

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13
Q

UNDERSTANDING NOREPINEPHRINE (NE)
PRODUCED:

RELEASED:

ROLE:

MAIN ACTION:

A

aka noradrenaline

PRODUCED: neurons in the LOCUS ceruleus in the PONS

RELEASED: neurons in the LOCUS CERULEUS in the PONS

ROLE:
- a neurotransmitter in WAKEFULNESS + ATTENTION

MAIN ACTION:
ALWAYS EXCITATORY

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14
Q

Pathway of NE; NORADRENGIC SYSTEM

A
  1. Produced in neurons in PONS; LOCUS CERULEUS
  2. GOES EVERYWHERE:
    - spinal cord
    - cerebellum
    - hypothalamus
    - amygdala
    - hippocampus
    - thalamus
    - cortex

NORADRENGIC SYSTEM: modulates ATTENTION, AROUSAL, SLEEP-WAKE STATE, MOOD AND PAIN

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15
Q

NORADRENGIC SYSTEM produces NE FOR:

A
  1. AROUSAL
  2. SLEEP-WAKE STATE
  3. ATTENTION
  4. MOOD
  5. PAIN
  6. COGNITIVE FUNCTION
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16
Q

OTHER NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS:

HISTAMINERGIC VS CHOLINGERIC

A

HISTAMINERGIC
1. Histaminergic neurons found in TEGMENTUM OF MIDBRAIN = histaminergic neurons are located in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the posterior hypothalamus.

  1. They play an essential role in the control of circadian rhythms.
    -maintenance of wakefulness, appetite regulation, cognition and arousal,

During wakefulness, histamine/GABA neurons release histamine and GABA

  1. THALAMUS, HYPOTHALAMUS, CORTEXES OF THE BRAIN

CHOLINERGIC
1. Cholinergic neurons found in TEGMENTUM OF PONS

  1. releasing ACEYTLCHOLINE to regulate arousal, attention and learning.
    - important role in memory, digestion, control of heart beat, blood pressure, movement and many other functions.
  2. SPINAL CORD, THALAMUS, CORTEXES OF THE BRAIN

BOTH WIDESPREAD EXCEPT CEREBELLUM

17
Q

UNDERSTANDING THE BREATHING CENTRE OF THE BRAIN:

POSTERIOR VS ANTERIOR

MODULATE RESPIRATORY PATTERN:

ACTIVE DURING EXPIRATION:
- THORACIC EXPIRATORY MUSCLES

ACTIVE DURING INSPIRATION:

A
  1. POSTERIOR RESPIRATORY GROUP
  • Receives AFFERENTS from:
    PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS + STRETCH RECEPTORS IN THE LUNG

EFFERENTS OF POSTERIOR
- COORDINATE INNERVATION OF MUSCLES OF INSPIRATION

  1. ANTERIOR RESPIRATORY GROUP:
    - COORDINATES INNERVATION of BOTH INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION OF MUSCLES

MODULATE RESPIRATORY PATTERN:
- anterior respiratory group
- posterior respiratory group
- NUCLEUS SOLITARIUS

ACTIVE DURING EXPIRATION:
- THORACIC EXPIRATORY MUSCLES

ACTIVE DURING INSPIRATION:
- DIAPHRAGM (INSPIRATION) - PHRENIC NERVE (C3 - C5)
- THORACIC INSPIRATORY MUSCLES –> THORACIC SPINAL NERVES

18
Q

UNDERSTANDING THE BREATHING NETWORK:

A
  1. PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL INPUTS
    —-> Central Pattern Generators
  2. goes to SWALLOWING NETWORK, BREATHING NETWORK AND EMETIC NETWORK
  3. they all three go to LOWER MOTOR NEURONS
  4. which then goes to
  5. ESOPHAGUS
  6. VALVE MUSCLES
  7. ABDOMINAL MUSCLE
    (respectfully)
19
Q

UNDERSTANDING THE EMETIC NETWORK TO EMESIS

A
  1. (TOXINS, DRUGS AND METABOLIC DISORDERS) + (PREGNANCY + MIGRAINE + HIGH INTRACEREBRAL PRESSURE)
  2. goes to AREA POSTREMA
    • AREA POSTREMA
    • COGNITIVE/ EMOTIONAL ( memories + anxiety + sights, sounds, taste + Expectations)
    • VAGAL AFFERENTS ( from GI tract)
    • VESTIBULAR NUCLEI
  4. EMETIC NETWORK; ADJACENT TO THE NUCLEUS SOLITARIUS
  5. EMESIS = the action or process of vomiting.
20
Q

BRAINSTEM IS SUPPLIED BY THE POSTERIOR SYSTEM

WHERE AND WHAT?

A

MIDBRAIN:
- Posterior cerebral artery
- Superior cerebellar Arteries

PONS
-Superoir cerebellar arteries
- paired anterior inferior cerebellar arteries (AICA)
- Basilar artery, pontine arteries

ROSTRAL MEDULLA
- Posterior SPINAL artery
- PICA
- Vertebral artery
- Anterior SPINAL artery

CLAUDAL MEDULLA
- posterior SPINAL artery
- VERTEBRAL artery
- Anterior SPINAL artery

21
Q

Understanding Laterally Medullary Syndrome: WALLENBERG SYNDROME

A
  • Occlusion of Vessels supply LATERAL MEDULLA OBLONGATA
  • most commonly OCCLUSION of INTRACRANIAL PORTION OF VERTEBRAL ARTERY. followed by PIC

SYMPTOMS:
- vestibulocerebellar symptoms: multidirectional nystagmus (inferior cerebellar peduncle and vestibular nucleus), vertigo, falling towards the side of the lesion, diplopia

AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION: IPSILATERAL HRBERS SYNDROME

SENSORY SYMPTOMS: initially abnormal stabbing pain over the ipsilateral face, the loss of pain and temp sensation over the contralateral side of the body (spinal trigeminal nucleus involvement)

Ipsilateral bulbar muscle weakness: HOARSNESS. DYSTPHONIA, DYSPHAGIA ND DYSARTHRIA, DECREASED GAG REFLEX (nucleus ambiguous)

  • right facial numbness
  • slurred speech
  • left upper limb loss of sensation and temperature

Human neurobiology (14 decks)

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