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Neuroanatomy > Reticular Formatio & Cerebellum > Flashcards

Reticular Formatio & Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What does the reticular formation regulate?

A 
posture
some stereotypic motor functions
the internal environment
pain regulation
sleep & wakefulness
emotional tone
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2
Q

Where is the lateral zone most prominent?

A

rostral medulla & caudal pons

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3
Q

T/F: Reticular formation influences spinal motor neurons directly.

A

True

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4
Q

Describe the theories behind bruxism.

A

Peripheral cause: malocclusion results in premature and one-sided contact; based on clinical observation
Central cause: sleep-related dysfunctions cause bruxism; input to supratrigeminal nucleus may be from basal ganglia, lateral hypothalamus, and central nucleus of the amygdala

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5
Q

Select the incorrect pair:
A. Raphe: adjacent to sagittal plane
B: Medial Zone: source of most ascending projections
C: Lateral Zone: cranial nerve reflexes
D: Lateral Zone: visceral functions
E: Medial Zone: source of most descending projections
F: Lateral Zone: prominent in midbrain

A

Answer: F. Lateral Zone: prominent in midbrain.

The lateral zone is prominent in the caudal pons and rostral medulla

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6
Q

Select the true statement concerning reticular formation:
A. Phylogenetically ancient
B. Forms central core of brainstem
C. Extent not truly appreciated in routine brainstem sections
D. Extends into cerebrum as the hypothalamus
E. All the above are true

A

Answer: E. All the above are true

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7
Q

What characteristics of reticular formation are termed the “medulla vital center?”

A

heart rate
respiration
swallowing, vomiting

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8
Q

What specific region is responsible for pain regulation

A

PAG: periaqueductal grey

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9
Q

Bilateral damage to the RF in what area of the brainstem would result in prolonged coma?

A

midbrain

ARAS - ascending reticular activating system (role in sleep-wakefulness cycle)

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10
Q

What are the neurochemical signatures of the following structures:
Brainstem
Hypothalamus
Telenchephalon

A

Brainstem: norepinephrine (locus ceruleus), dopamine (substantia nigra), serotonin (raphe)
Hypothalamus: histamine
Telencephalon: acetylcholine

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11
Q

What is the major function of the locus ceruleus?

A

attentiveness (arousal)

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12
Q

When norepinephrine is released in the cortex from the locus ceruleus, what is the result?

A

facilitates attention to selected stimuli

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13
Q

When norepinephrine (NE) is released in the trigeminal spinal nucleus and spinal cord, what is the result?

A

suppresses incoming pain signals

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14
Q

Why is a balance of NE important?

A

too little: depression

too much: panic disorder

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15
Q

Describe RF’s role in pain sensation.

A

PAG receives pain info from SPINOMESENCEPHALIC fibers
PAG also gets input from hypothalamus, cortex, etc. (may contain behavioral info; “should pain suppression be activated?”)
PAG to raphe then to posterior horn of spinal cord/spinal V nucleus

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16
Q

What nuclei use NE as their neurotransmitter?

A

Medulla: solitary nucleus (memory)
Rostral Pons: locus ceruleus (attention)
ventrolateral medulla (pain regulation)

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17
Q

What nuclei use dopamine as their neurotransmitter?

A

In the midbrain:

  • Substantia nigra (putamen & caudate)
  • Ventral tegmental area (limbic system)
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18
Q

What are the tracts found in the ventral tegmental area? What do those tracts do?

A 
Mesolimbic tract (goes to limbic system):  nucleus accumbens septi - sense of reward or well being
Mesocortical tract (goes to frontal cortex):  organizes and initiates behavior
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19
Q

What neurological disease is associated with the ventral tegmental area?

A

Schizophrenia

  • disorganized thinking (frontal area)
  • hallucinations (limbic system/temporal lobe)
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20
Q

What is the function of the nucleus accumbens septi?

A

sense of reward or well being

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21
Q

When does a schizophrenic patient tend to exhibit social withdraw? When would a patient exhibit hallucinations?

A

social withdraw: low dopamine

hallucinations: high dopamine

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22
Q

What do raphe nuclei use as a neurotransmitter?

A

serotonin

23
Q

What is the role of the raphe magnus? What neurotransmitter does it use?

A

pain suppression

It is a part of the medullary raphe nuclei - serotonin

24
Q

Where are descending NE fibers going to?

A

trigeminal spinal nucleus

spinal cord

25
Q

Where are ascending NE fibers going to?

A

all areas of the cortex

26
Q

What are the effects of low levels of serotonin? High levels?

A

Low Levels: high carb consumption (particularly in obese women), binge eating, clinical depression
High Levels: compulsive bahavior, anorexia nervosa

27
Q

What are the different cholinergic projections?

A

Basal nucleus (basal forebrain) (not part of RF)
CN III
CN X
dorsolateral pontine tegmentum (part of RF)

28
Q

What does the posterolateral fissure of the cerebellum divide?

A

flocculonodular lobe from body of cerebellum

29
Q

What does the primary fissure separate?

A

anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum.

30
Q

What are the cerebellar deep nuclei?

A

Dentate
interposed nucleus: Emboliform & Globose
Fastigal
“Frosch Gives Everyone D’s”

31
Q

What does the inferior cerebellar peduncle do? What is its input?

A

monitors muscle and limb movement

input from spinal cord & brainstem

32
Q

What is the input for the middle cerebellar peduncle? What is the function of this peduncle?

A

relays motor signals from cortex
Afferents from contralateral basis pontis
(largest peduncle - lateral to pons)

33
Q

What is the output of the superior cerebellar peduncle?

A

efferent to red nucleus & thalamus

out pathway

34
Q

Describe the cerebellar circuitry.

A

input from ICP and MCP (mostly) and goes to cortex, cortex sends info to deep nuclei, deep nuclei send projections (mostly SCP) to other parts of brain

35
Q

What is the only cell with axons that leave the cerebellar cortex?

A

perkinje cell layer

36
Q 
Define the following for the vestibulocerebellum:
Input
Cerebellar Location
Output
Function
A

Input: vestibular end organ, vestibular nuclei
Cerebellar Location: flocculonodular lobe, vermis
Output: fastigial nucleus, vestibular nuclei
Function: control of eye movements in response to head movements, balance

37
Q 
Define the following for the spinocerebellum:
Input
Cerebellar Location
Output
Function
A

Input: spinal cord (spinocerebellar), brainstem (trigeminal afferents)
Cerebellar Location: paravermal area, vermis
Output: interposed nucleus (red nucleus and VA/VL of thalamus)
Function: coordination of trunk and limb movements

38
Q 
Define the following for the pontocerebellum:
Input
Cerebellar Location
Output
Function
A

Input: motor cortex - basilar pons - MCP
Cerebellar Location: lateral cerebellar hemisphere
Output: dentate nucleus (red nucleus & VA/VL of thalamus)
Function: planning the timing of movements, especially of the upper extremity; coordination of speech

39
Q

What is dysdiadochokinesia? What is it a result of?

A

rapid alternating movements; injury to lateral hemisphere of cerebellum

40
Q

What is dysmetria? Injury to what area would cause this?

A

finger-to-nose test

injury to lateral hemisphere of cerebellum

41
Q

What is dysarthria?

A

scanning or explosive speech

42
Q

What is the main function of the medial hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

adjusting limb movements

43
Q

What is the main function of the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

planning learned, skillful movements, those that become more precise and rapid with practice

44
Q

What is the main function of the vermis?

A

postural adjustments

45
Q

What is the main function of the vermis and flocculus?

A

eye movements

46
Q

What is the major output for the cerebellum?

A

SCP

47
Q

Describe the two reticulospinal tract.

A

Medial (pontine): ipsalateral, descends near MLF & in anterior funiculus

Lateral (medullary): descends bilaterally in lateral funiculus

48
Q

In class, we talked about RF’s role in pattern generators. What patterns does the pons control?

A

horizontal gaze center
mastication (supratrigeminal nucleus)
locomotion

49
Q

In class we talked about RF’s role in pattern generators. What patterns does the medulla control?

A

heart rate
respiration
swallowing/vomiting

50
Q

What disease is associated with the basal nucleus? What is used to prevent progression of this disease?

A

Alzheimer’s

cholinesterase inhibitors prevent breakdown of Ach

51
Q

When NE is released from the locus ceruleus into the cortex, what is its effect?

A

increases attention to selected stimuli

52
Q

When NE is released from locus ceruleus into the spinal nucleus/spinal cord, what is its effect?

A

suppresses incoming pain signals

53
Q

What are the interneurons involved in the cerebellar cortex?

A

stellate cells
basket cells
golgi

54
Q

What fiber regulates perkinje cell firing?

A

climbing fiber

Neuroanatomy (6 decks)

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