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Neuroanatomy > Forebrain Anatomy & Limbic System > Flashcards

Forebrain Anatomy & Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

What structures make up the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

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2
Q

What makes up the epithalamus?

A

pineal gland

habenula

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3
Q

What is (are) the thalamic nuclei of the anterior division of the thalamus?

A

anterior nucleus (AN)

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4
Q

What is (are) the thalamic nuclei of the medial division?

A

dorsomedial (DM) or medial dorsal (MD)

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5
Q

What is (are) the nuclei of the lateral division of the thalamus?

A

dorsal tier: lateral dorsal (LD), lateral posterior (LP), pulvinar
ventral tier: ventral anterior (VA) ventral lateral (VL), ventral posterior lateral (VPL) and medial and lateral geniculates (MGN, LGN)

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6
Q

What are the different division of the thalamic nuclei?

A 
anterior division
medial division
lateral division
intralaminar
reticular nucleus
midline nuclei
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7
Q

What defines the subdivisions of the thalamic nuclei?

A

internal medullary lamina

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8
Q

What is the biggest subdivision of the thalamus?

A

lateral division

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9
Q

What is the function of relay nuclei?

A

receive well-defined specific input from a subcortical source (i.e. medial lemniscus) and project to a well-defined area of cortex (i.e. somatosensory cortex)

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10
Q

What is the function of association nuclei?

A

receive specific inputs from association cortex (i.e. prefrontal cortex) and project back

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11
Q

What is the function of intralaminar and midline nuclei?

A

receive distinct set of specific inputs (basal ganglia, limbic structures)
project to cortex, basal ganglia and limbic structures

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12
Q

What is the function of the reticular nucleus?

A

important source of regulatory input to thalamus
no projection to cortex
input: cortex & thalamus
output: inhibitory axons to thalamus
the nucleus is a sheet of neurons, covers thalamus, axons must traverse nucleus to enter/leave thalamus and send collaterals to it

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13
Q

What is the function of the medial geniculate nucleus?

A

relay nucleus for hearing

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14
Q

What is the function of the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

relay nucleus for vision

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15
Q

What is the function of the ventral posterior medial nucleus?

A

sensory relay for nucleus of the face

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16
Q

What is the function of the ventral posterior lateral nucleus?

A

sensory relay for nucleus of the body

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17
Q

What is the function of the ventral anterior nucleus?

A

motor relay nucleus

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18
Q

What is the function of the ventral lateral nucleus?

A

motor relay nucleus

19
Q

What is the function of the anterior nucleus?

A

relay nucleus for the limbic system

20
Q

What is the function of the intralaminar nucleus?

A

component of the reticular activating system

21
Q

What structures make up the lenticular nucleus?

A

Globus pallidis

Putamen

22
Q

What are the major inputs to the hypothalamus?

A 
Parts of the forebrain: septal nuclei, 
ventral striatum, 
insula, 
orbitofrontal cortex,
hippocampus, 
amygdala

Brainstem & Spinal Cord:
medial forebrain bundle
dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

23
Q

What are the major hypothalamic outputs?

A

Many of the same pathways used by inputs

24
Q

What are the inputs to the amygdala?

A
  1. stria terminalis
  2. ventral amygdalofugal pathway
  3. lateral olfactory tract
  4. directly from temporal lobe cortex and hippocampus
25
Q

What are the nuclear groups found within the amygdala?

A

medial - olfaction
central - hypothal, PAG, emotional responses
basolateral - cortex, central nuclei, emotional responses

26
Q

What are the three zones of the hippocampus?

A

dentate gyrus
hippocampus proper (cornu ammonis)
subiculum

27
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

secretes melatonin; regulates sleep-wake cycles, released during darkness

28
Q

Which nuclei are known as relay nuclei?

A

Sensory: VPL & VPM
Motor: VA & VL
Limbic: Anterior, LD

29
Q

Which nulcei are known as association nuclei?

A

DM & Pulvinar
Prefrontal: DM (foresight, affect)
Parietal-occipital-temporal: Pulvinar-LP complex (function largely unkown, possibly visual perception or attention)

30
Q

almost all fibers going to and from the cortex pass through what structure?

A

internal capsule

31
Q

What are the five parts of the internal capsule?

A

anterior limb: lenticular nucleus, caudate
posterior limb: lenticular nucleus, thalamus
genu: between A & P limbs
retrolenticular: behind lenticular nucleus
sublenticular part: beneath lenticular nucleus

32
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

to generate feelings/emotions from sensory inputs, evolved to promote survival

33
Q

What structures make up the limbic system?

A

cingulate gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus
amygdala
hippocampus

34
Q

What is the function of the thalamus & cortex input on the amygdala?

A

informs about situations or objects in the environment

35
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus & limbic system input on the amygdala?

A

informs about current physiologic and emotional state

36
Q

What is visual agnosia?

A

failing to recognize what an object is (even though sight is in tact); damage to visual association cortex

37
Q

What tracts do the hypothalamic inputs use?

A

medial forebrain bundle (spinal cord/brainstem)
stria terminalis
ventral amygdalofugal pathway
dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (spinal cord/brainstem)
spinothalamic tract collaterals (spinal cord/brainstem)

38
Q

T/F: hypothalamic cortical outputs end diffusely.

A

True

39
Q

What is the function of the three different nuclei found in the amygdala?

A

medial: olfaction
central - hypothalamic, PAG: emotional responses
basolateral-cortex: central nuclei, emotional responses

40
Q

What characteristics did HM exhibit?

A

could not form new episodic memories (personal experiences)
could not form semantic memories (ideas & concepts not related to personal experiences - facts)
He did have working memory and was able to learn new skills (could learn how to solve a puzzle more quickly)

41
Q

What are the three distinct zones of the hippocampus?

A
  1. dentate gyrus
  2. hippocampus proper (cornu ammonis)
  3. subiculum, transition between hippocampus proper and adjacent parahippocampal cortex
42
Q

What is the hippocampus output-input pathway?

A
  1. afferent fibers from sensory cortex
  2. entorhinal cortex projects to dentate gyrus (perforant pathway)
  3. dentate neuron projects to CA3
  4. CA3 neuron projects into fimbria & CA1
  5. CA1 neuron projects to subiculum
  6. subiculum projects to fimbria (alvear pathway)
  7. subicular neuron projects to entorhinal cortex
  8. entorhinal neuron projects to sensory cortex
43
Q

What is the Papez circuit?

A

interactions among limbic structures, cortex & hypothalamus

Papez proposed that emotional experiences were processed

Neuroanatomy (6 decks)

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