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Geographies of Development > Rethinking Development > Flashcards

Rethinking Development Flashcards

1
Q

Case Study - Inequality

A

South Africa - shanty towns split from wealthy areas by wetlands acting as a buffer - spatiality of development and race - Masiphumelele (home 38,000 most in shacks, no services, unemployment, high rates TB/HIV) and Lake Michelle

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2
Q

Lewis and Wigen (1997)

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Metageography = the set of spatial structures through which people gain their knowledge of the world: the often unconscious frameworks that organize studies

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3
Q

Hart (2001)

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Devlopment = post WW2 project intervention ‘Third World’, decolonisation, CW - international practice, need intervene, ideas of progress
vs
development = development of capitalist as geographically uneven, contradictory historically processes, immanent process, drive to intervene is inherent within capitalism
- 90s death dev, 00s WB, UNDP, globalisation - growth link development to the left wing - tension capitalism in danger with western left fears poverty, env damage, profit over people - market triumphalist claims dev dead
- Washington Consensus 1980s
- Post-development - dislike dev destructive western narrative, tendency romanticise local - global male, tech approach vs local female, bottom up, community approach
- possible need focus little ‘d’ development - capitalist development issues

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4
Q

Survival International (2020) - Case Study Indigenous/Tribal destruction

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Ethiopia - government (large recipient US/GB aid) forcibly resettling thousands of self-sufficient tribal people (Mursi, Kwegu and Bodi) = leaving them with no land, cattle herds or livelihood; being arrested, beaten and raped’ Grain stores destroyed in an effort to force them to give up their lands and their ways of life. Gov sees them as backwards + wants land. Doesn’t mean tribal people don’t ever want change, but want change on own terms, not imposed.

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5
Q

Escobar (1995)

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Post-development

  • development = exploitation and repression
  • dev = social imaginary - post-war western ideas modernity institutionalised
  • 1945 diff discourse from colonial
  • development about subjecting world to western power-knowledge - conform first world econ/cultural practices
  • development as political concept created what set to eradicate - poverty
  • critical of the dev project
  • post-1945 dev project seen as last, failed attempt to complete enlightenment in asia, africa and latin America
  • need to give africans greater autonomy over how represented/ construct own social/cultural models unmediated west - voices need heard, issue elite dev voices
  • nothing to be salvaged from development, flawed
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6
Q

Desai and Potter (2008) development

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  • CW first, second, third worlds to N/S + Brandt (west producing spaces through labels - geographical imagination)
  • Dev = catch up West, 80s impasse (theoretical impasse, failure dev on ground - postmodern critique), globalisation
  • Poverty problem - how understand it
  • CW + Truman Doctrine - world split underdeveloped vs prosperous
  • Problematise N/S - pockets of wealth and poverty in both
  • 40s/50s Modernisation Theory
  • 60s Dependency Theory - global world system theory
  • 80s neoliberalism, globalisation
  • development and security rise - CW, then war terror
  • Post-development - critique western assumptions progress, problematise development, alternative ways see world, post-dev critiqued due to writers lack knowledge third world as affluent, middle-class
  • CW conflict - econ liberalisation / privatisation driven WB/ structural adjustment loans (Mozambique - China econ reform, growth private sector)
  • Asian Crisis econ growth crash 1997 - before crisis developmental state seen as crucial Asia’s success - everyday unemployment, nutrition etc ignored in face political crisis (legitimacy on econ growth undermined)
  • how do we understand poverty - income vs multiple axis deprivation - absolute vs relative poverty - temporary vs permanent, negative GNP measure - HDI/HPI (population percentage not rich age 40, illiterate, without water/healthcare)
  • Poverty as antithesis development
  • economic growth and development not the same
  • move towards developmental focus on rights recent decades
  • participatory development
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7
Q

Power (2003) - Geog and Development

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  • 9/11 and war on terror modern dev importance
  • development diff meaning diff contexts
  • development = stuff of myth, mystique and mirage - power to seduce, please, dream, deceive
  • development assumed possible, natural evaluating, steps to progress, forward moving (linear based west)
  • poverty place specific, could benefit recognising differences, asking their perspective
  • Space, place, scale to think about development beyond international
  • Representations Third World impact development policy - Q sources, representations always partial - mental maps/imaginations world different
  • Why USA seen as most developed when most unequal - power WB, IMF and their imaginaries (GNP masks inequality)
  • neoliberal ideology dominates dev - progress possible in a system relies on inequality (capitalism)
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8
Q

Williams (1976)

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Development one most complex words english language

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9
Q

Rahnema (1997)

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  • Iranian context, explains how development when try translate seen as positive - people’s dreams, imagination good-life - dev hard translate diff people diff understandings what good-life is
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10
Q

Polanyi (1944)

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Capitalism’s double movement - capitalism means countertendencies in form intervention necessary - opposing tendencies naturally exist in capitalism

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11
Q

Lee (1995)

A
  • dev = western ideas progress + science
  • dev theory inter-war years = Keynesian, neo-liberal, Marist
  • colonial to developing, CW context
  • development as a mode of control
  • failed project - post-dev - 1970s disillusion world econ order (constant growth and trickle down)
  • dev language, institutions not neutral
  • third world an underdeveloped child
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12
Q

Driver and Yeoh (2000)

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  • Northern temperate regions as normal, tropics as other (climate, geog, moral) - imaginative geog still at work today
  • tropical (sublime or degradation - disease, rainforests) vs temperate (civilised, enlightened)
  • need problematise the tropical/ understand history
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13
Q

Haraway (1991)

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(Binaries like) self/other, mind/body, culture/nature, male/female, civilised/primitive, have all been systematic to the logics of domination of women, people of colour, nature, workers, animals – in short, domination of all constituted as others, whose task is to mirror the self
- situated/partial knowledges (1988)

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14
Q

McDowell and Sharp (1999)

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  • we define self by constructing the ‘other’
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15
Q

Said (1978)

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  • othering = orientalism
  • postcolonial critique - challenge experiences speaking/writing by which dominant discourses come into being (as does Spivak 1990, Fanon)
  • power to represent other places reinforced sense difference west/non-west - superiority, justification
  • knowledge is power and thus violence - it gives authority to possessor of knowledge
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16
Q

Abrahamsen (2001)

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“Before development, there is nothing but deficiencies. Underdeveloped areas have no history of their own, hardly any past worth recalling, and certainly none that’s worth retaining. Everything before development can be abandoned, and third world countries emerge as empty vessels waiting to be filled with the development from the first world”

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17
Q

Case Study - Development deals

A
  • Pergua Dam in malaysia - 1991 building start with money UK foreign aid budget - Malaysian gov bought 1bn worth arms from UK - aid tied win/maintain allies, trade/benefit US/UK
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18
Q

Domosh (2015)

A
  • key elements US international development practices / aid programs can be seen as based on US south underdevelopment
  • international dev not just geopolitics tool CW, also technique governance took shape in domestic, racialised gaze US south
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19
Q

Ong (1999)

A 
(post-dev) class to decolonise development geog
- need attend to how places non-west differently plan/envision combinations culture, capital, state, environment rather than assume are an immature version master western prototype
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20
Q

Potter (2001)

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(post-dev) Need to engage with ideas coming from other places, other ways knowing world not irrelevant because from other societies/cultures

  • core-periphery dev model
  • geography disciplines aligns with imperial tradition - eg. urban geographer but do work in Latin America so see as a latin Americanist not urban - equally social geography might exclude poorest 3/4 world but count as social not western
  • 25 percent world population = 85 percent geog articles focus
  • recognise overlap euro-us and dev geog - core/periphery exist in the UK - overlap cultural flows (dependency), globalisations
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21
Q

Power (2003) - Tropical geog, Orientalism

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  • tropics label invented to ‘other’
  • geog dev contributed formation orient / imperial vision places/subjects - representations = derogatory language
  • tropical geog emerged 1950s - would become development - tropical geog linked env determinism, racial imaginaries
  • focus regions as whole eg. Asia
  • geog linked imperialism, colonial
  • expeditions, enlightenment dark tropical spaces, naval/military handbooks which become out of favour 60s
  • work like Gourou (1953) The Tropical World tells as much about northern-centred worldview as tropics
  • creation area studies bound up with need understand Third World for CW purposes
  • 50s/60s modernisation theory dominant - dev promised cricket down effects never occurred = focus material/basic needs over theoretical debate dependency (shift 60s/70s) - harvey (1972) uneven capitalist development, McGee (1974) other regions different, not follow same model (modernisation)- McGee felt could not look non-western world through western lens - ahead her time 90s would see post-dev and post colonialism
  • 70s/80s radical dev draw Marx - capitalism prone crisis - capitalism try overcome problems by expanding/moving production - dev west relies underdeveloped south
  • 80s/90s shift from dependency/Marx to gender, social history, community
  • what happens if we see Africa as rich in cultures, lives, diversity - modernisation theory hid violence,
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22
Q

Andreasson (2005) “reductive repetition” motif African underdevelopment

A
  • Africa seen as failure, naturally weak
  • reductive repetition brought to African dev studies from orientalism - reduces diversity African history, social, pol into set deficiencies need solving
  • Conrad’s (1899) heart of darkness still resonating - Africa criminal, chaos
  • motif also used Islamic culture (Said) - orientalist scholarship reduces history, tradition, culture to theory orient inferior west
  • Berlin Conference 1884/5 carve up Africa under european colonies
  • post ww2 dev idea survives but adapts - decolonisation 60s/70s, CW - western interest Africa resources - why US war on terror linked oil-rich regions - new justification post decolonisation = societal deficiencies africa
  • dev flawed - assumes high growth and effective redistribution can be achieved together - polarisation wealth C20th not close achieving that
  • Rostow model A traditional to B high-consumption, modern state - post-dev considers if B is desirable, other paths, happiness and wellbeing- sen development as freedom
  • environmental problem development and growth
  • post-dev sceptical linear, modernist understandings dev
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23
Q

BBC (2016)

A
  • Sarah Baartman spent years london/paris freak shows - brought europe british dr under false pretences - died 1815 brain, skeleton, sexual organs on display in paris until 1974
  • colonial exploitation and racism, ridicule black people
  • born south africa 1789, parents died, partner murdered dutch colonist
  • illiterate yet supposedly signed contract 1810 agreeing travel England to shows large bottom (steatopygia) - wealthy costumers also paid private demonstrations where could touch her
  • known as Hottentot (derogatory word for her people - the Khoikhoi) Venus - poor treatment, employers prosecuted holding her against her will but not convicted as Baartman testified in favour - unsure if free will or coerced - rumoured been prostituted in Paris
  • part racial science study painted/studied scientists
  • died age 26
24
Q

Jones (2000) - ok to do development over there but not here?

A
  • Glasgow housing estate considered Europe’s worst slum - reality poverty depressed, alcoholic, unemployed - emotionally and mentally worse than poor in India even tho less stark physical trappings poverty eg. have house, electricity, hot water
  • why talk development third world but not western cities - development’s discursive role to distinguish between developed and developing?
  • third world = images famine, warfare, underdevelopment
  • post-industrial west social polarisation, unemployment, UK 1979-95 income richest 10percent grew 70percent and 3x children in poverty
  • equally pockets of prosperity third world - social exclusion both
  • community projects third world may be useful UK
25
Q

Jarosz (1992) the dark continent metaphor Africa + CS

A
  • historical persistence and ideological power metaphor Africa as Dark Continent - others whole continent, constant remaking continent as this representations assert W dominance - metaphor legitimates status quo/unequal power relations
  • metaphor creates identity, situates Africa as historically frozen - light/dark, civil/savage
  • metaphor from first explorers
  • post WW2 metaphor in econ dev discourse
  • Kariba Dam on Zambezi River CS - use western mass media to promote gov/ideology - western tech subduing African river in name econ dev - dam built 1954 border N/S Rhodesia, to give power N Rhodesia copper mines - created Kariba lake = resettlement 56,000 Gwembe Tonga people - HEP, no ecological surveys done beforehand - western media saw as capitalist triumph, resettlement downplayed
  • AIDS discourse eg use dark continent metaphor - popular assumptions see disease as African, travellers brought West - 60percent global cases found USA - racist - haiti and AIDS claims
26
Q

Case Study (postcolonial) - counter discourses produced by south (satire) - produced by SAIH (Norwegian Students and Academics International Assistance Fund)

A
  • Raid-Aid (Africans send radiators to Norway) - flip weather extremes Africa on cold Norway, satire, challenges narrative needy continent
  • Lets Save Africa (gone wrong) - challenging idea saving dark continent, child save africa actor
27
Q

Mohanty (1991)

A
  • calls for third world women to have agency/ voice in feminist realm - western feminists write about tw women as singular limiting construction, victims masculine control and traditional culture without accounting context or cultural differences
  • (Spivak epistemic violence = violence knowledge production, notably by white feminists on writings Africa, women global south - distortions, stereotyping, generalising third world women)
28
Q

Silvey and Rankin (2011)

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new critical cartographies of development - focus on everyday lives south, how south shaped global econ, pol, cultural processes - photo-essays, maps

29
Q

Sylvester (2011)

A
  • postcolonial literature use read as part development theory, training, practice - learn from people in crisis, making everyday life/death decisions, understand challenges/choices, not based econ rational models
  • need take postcolonial renderings of life as seriously as statistics
30
Q

Participatory Development Initiatives CS - CAFOD (Catholic International Development Charity) (2010)

A

The Miranha and Ticuna people, live Brazilian Amazon rainforest. Had their indigenous territory recognised by the Brazilian government but, like many indigneous groups, they face difficulties as they seek to live sustainably on their land. Together with local partner, CIMI Tefe, CAFOD has trained people from two communities in how to use video cameras and tell their own story on film. The communities are now using their skills to raise awareness about the issues they’re facing with local decision makers

31
Q

Wainwright (2008)

A

There are no clear lines separating a colonial past from the development present

32
Q

McEwan (2008) Postcolonialism

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  • post colonialism contested term, critiques colonial legacy, anti-colonial
  • aim destabilise dominant discourses imperial europe - eurocentric, west worldview - challenging speaking/writing experiences by which dominant discourses come into being - terms like Third World, worlding
  • wants to disrupt western control knowledge
  • critique spatial metaphors western discourse
  • recover lost histories and voices of marginalised through reconstruction history and knowledge
  • pc powerful lens through which critique development, challenge dominant understanding N/S relations, challenges development as rooted colonial discourse - Qs if capitalism, western progress is beneficial to the south
  • critiqued for focus language and not dealing with real issues like poverty - language way understand, justify interventions - dev written through imagery, metaphors
  • critiqued too theoretical, focus discourse not material ways colonial power relations persist
  • who is silenced?
  • challenges single path to development - open spaces non-western agency
33
Q

McEwan (2019) Postcolonialism

A
  • dev = one western discourse pc seeks challenge - dev sees pc as too abstract, relevant - McEwan argues both ideas enriched responding mutual criticisms
  • postcolonial importance - eg. Congo under Belgium rule 10mn died, exploitation - still one lowest level development world now
  • amnesia about colonial pasts (esp british imperialism)
  • Australia aboriginal live communities highest rates poverty, ill-health, deprivation developed world, 17 year life gap expectancy compared Australians - 2008 Australian gov apology aboriginal laws/policies inflicted suffering - first time acknowledged past mistreatment - state processes reconciliation settler/indigenous groups - reality eases settler guilt without returning land/sovereignty to aboriginals - symbolic
  • problematising language key aspect pc
  • development complex term, differs context, power secure, create dreams, become normative (what should be done) and instrumental (how be done)
  • third world originally CW (first = us/capitalist, second = ussr/communist) - became hierarchy. linear development with cut of when ‘developed’ - ignores inequality - focus economic dev, not wellbeing
  • rise south complicating
  • subaltern = oppressed N/S (working class UK not subaltern as still dominant imperial S/N narrative) - PC give subaltern chance speak
  • PC can mean after-colonialism (time - is colonialism past, powers still exist - wealthy advantage still, neo-colonialism = continuation domination through new means - new scramble africa, Dakota access pipeline - Sioux), a condition after-colonialism (living legacies, uneven dev, impacts both countries involved colonial encounter), metaphysical (theoretical approach - how colonial powers produce/used knowledge colonised own interests = inequitable relations, interrogate knowledge and representations, power, language shaping world), literary theory (critique representations - literature produced south), anti-colonialism
  • PC = destabilise dominant discourses imperial europe including development, challenge experiences speaking/writing, language discourses come into being, critique spatial metaphors/ temporality, recover lost voices through reconstruction history/knowledge production
34
Q

Sharp and Briggs (2006)

A
  • Briggs frustration working africa, decades dev no progress - sharp PC theorist
  • dev sees pc ignorant everyday problems south / pc see dev eurocentric, neo-colonial - dialogue two could offer new conceptualisation dev
  • 90s dev crisis confidence - lack success improving lives - same time under attack antidev, postdev
  • possibility keep dev but learn from pc
35
Q

Sylvester (1999)

A
  • PC potential new location dev thinking
    [dev/pc grounded knowledge/concern west and differences - but dev not listen subalterns, pc not concerned if subaltern is eating)
  • end WW2 focus underdevelopment following independence process
  • independent but poverty stricken countries - emergence dependency thought - slow progress of historical processes (colonial/world system unequal)
  • M/D arguments, also have emergence concern social development - 1960s naivety equate dev with economic growth - alternative development (greens, feminists, socialists, postmodernists) - goal meet basic needs, return emphasis poverty, encourage community participation, alternative market forces
  • alternative critique (escobar) - image future no regime dev in lead - move away western knowledge/experience room others - postdev emphasis learn from grassroots social movements.
  • PC digs out colonial history / postcolonial present meant to be forgotten imperial historians.
  • voice problematic in PC - not living among people one’s work meant to represent - pc concerns not translated action ground
  • dev makes no mention/apology colonial period
  • potential pc new way thinking dev
36
Q

Castree (2014)

A
  • Anthropocene development science to public. (eg. 2012 Planet Under Pressure Conference; The Day After Tmrw)
  • Anthropocene working group.
  • How determine marker
  • Planetary Boundaries: 9 components pass threshold = anthropocene - criticised distracting politicians emissions
  • Ellis: biomes under threat, call for solutions
  • Liverman: uneven impacts env change & need justice
  • Anthropocene grounds rethink western thought nature/society binery
  • Clark + Yusoff - humans are earthly creatures
  • Robbins + Moore (2013) - need science and society cooperate
  • Graham - need alternative pol-econ order to holocene
  • Castree sees anthropocene as intellectual zeitgeist - how challenge understanding of human condition
37
Q

Books of Use

A
  • Shock Doctrine - Klein (2007)
  • Equality Effect - Dorling (2017)
  • Spirit Level - Wilkinson and Pickett (2010)
  • Power (2019) Geopolitics and Development
38
Q

Hall (2006) the west and the rest

A
  • west not just a place, but a type society, level of development
  • language/ discourse europe used describe/ represent difference itself/others
  • Discourse = particular way representing the west, rest and relations between them. discourse group statements = language talk about particular kind knowledge about a topic - topic constructed certain way depending discourse
  • using discourse west and rest speak from position holds west superior
  • europe tried fit new world into existing conceptual frameworks, classifying it according to its norms - absorb into western representation
  • discourse west/rest not innocent as not represent encounter between equals
39
Q

Kallis (2011) in defence of degrowth

A
  • sustainable degrowth = radical pol project - eco growth unsustainable, need sustained degrowth - to do so have to overhaul policy, basic income, reduction working hours, consumption/env taxes - policies harm economy not likely implemented = radical
  • argues against Van den Bergh (2011) who advocates degrowth won’t hit mainstream, too ambiguous, need continued cap and trade, tech policies, education - Kallis argues new vision away growth, not measured GDP
  • degrowth advocates not striking GDP drop/ econ depression but inevitable econ degrowth as socially unsustainable - need selecting downscaling to remain ecological limits - selective degrowth
  • quest growth structural feature capitalism (Harvey 2007)
  • argument for system change (vs idea communism alternative and worse)
  • capitalism can’t degrow so need alternative
  • van den bergh (2011) suggests alternative degrowth as just that prices need reflect env/climate externalities - issues can’t restructure without less econ activity anyway, scepticism markets ecosystem services, companies unlikely pay externalities
  • easier for us to imagine the end of the world than serious social change
40
Q

Sheehan (2000) Greening World Bank

A
  • WB dismissive env record - policies financed ecological destruction, human rights violations, forced resettlement - 90s appeased critics including env NGOs - adopts SD agenda despite still accepting continuous economic growth overwhelm carrying capacity - paint green with SD - interest survival against critique
  • SD notion econ growth / markets unsustainable - could overwhelm biosphere’s capacity absorb pollutants - poor countries urged against dev path industrialised countries - higher living standards declared not possible due to earth’s finite resources
  • problem expansion urban - land restrictions eg. ecological parks/protected areas south
  • econ burden switching fossil fuels shouldered developing
  • Example WB failures - Brazil Polonoroeste regional dev / agriculture colonisation project - open amazon rainforest to cultivation and roads - $443mn WB, slash and burn, deforestation, malaria
  • env pressure = reforms (failed) such as bank increase env staff, share info NGOs, support less destructive projects - 1992 friends earth Fifty Years is Enough campaign against WB - 1993 India cancel WB loan after Narmada Dam = 200,000 resettled flooding
  • WB reforms failed, WB failing on its own terms
  • Issue many NGOs rely US funding so can’t go through criticisms - 1996 WB grants nGOs 3.6mn - buy off critics
41
Q

Beckerman (1994) SD

A
  • SD fashion env discourse - SD morally repugnant, econ has ignored env issues reality
  • SD strategies supposed ensure social responsibility econ dev, protect resource base, future gens - vague, Qs, not measurable, no clear aims - SD flawed concept
  • Brundtland report SD def useless - needs are subjective income, time, place, culture - what needs future preserved - how far protected env
  • how maximise welfare, some degradation eg. avoid absolute poverty
  • hard feel sorry future generations hardship - issue discount rate
  • we should stick to welfare maximisation over sustainability as a policy objective - instead weak or strong SD - strong SD conflict max welfare
  • economists focus cost natural capital, mot morals
  • SD waste time, not helping solve env issues - moral justification dev
42
Q

WCED (1987) Our Common Future - Brundtland Report

A
  • propose long-term env strategy achieving SD by 2000 / beyond
  • our common future new era econ growth, based policies sustain/expand env resource base
  • failures dev/ management human env - cc, fossil fuels, impossible separate econ and env
  • SD two key concepts - needs (essential needs worlds poor) and limitations (env ability meet needs)
43
Q

UN (2020) SDGs

A
  • 17 SDGs adopted UN 2015 - call action all countries promote prosperity and protect env - ending poverty hand-in-hand strategies build econ growth and address social needs education, health, equality, while tackling CC, preserve env
  • Angenda 21 Rio 1992
44
Q

IUCN (2020)

A
  • The World Conservation Union - IUCN = International Union for Conservation of Nature - membership union gov + civil society organisations 1,300 members, 160 countries
  • IUCN Red List threatened species
45
Q

Case Study WTO resistance

A

1999 Seattle, USA confrontation world’s politicians, economists betting conference WTO - vs trade unionists, world’s poor, environmentalists - stop spread capitalism and ecological damage - anti-capitalist resistance movements - huge cost police WTO conference- violence - certain countries interests promoted over others

46
Q

Chang (2002)

A

historically, protectionist policy used extensively developed countries

47
Q

Fair Trade Case Study

A

Traidcraft (1979)

- christian response poverty - tackle poverty through trade - fair business practice

48
Q

Desai and Potter (2008) Fair and free trade

A
  • Smith (1776) - international trade as particular regions/countries specialising commodities (buy someone else if costs less making it) - relative prices determine trade patterns (buy abroad when foreign prices lower domestic) - market expansion = greater specialisation
  • Ricardo (1817) - smith absolute advantage vs ricardo comparative advantage - country produce goods make most efficient comparatively - notes issue smith that what if one country most efficient producing clothes and food but another needed to buy food but nothing offer as efficiently produced
  • WTO = maximise global gains trade minimising impediments eg. tariffs, quotas - who gains?
  • uneven world trading system - GATT 47, WTO 95
  • trade based geography, what advantages place has
  • EPZs - short term econ benefit vs long time rise labour costs, first tend move cheaper location
  • free trade benefits rich, no trickle-down, inequality
  • WTO supposedly supposed contribute welfare members - lot disagreement in WTO
49
Q

Fridell (2016) fair trade coffee

A
  • consumers isolated from producers - inequality / injustice trade can continue - poor stay poor, rich stay rich - consumers purchase abstract commodity (Marx 1978 commodity fetishism)
  • OECD countries 2002 78 life expectancy, GDP 29,000 average vs SSA 46 and 1,790
  • fair trade battle inequality ethical trade standards - Firtradee Labelling Organisations International biggest certification body
  • fair trade was radical, now expanding mainstream eg. starbucks
  • New Social Movement theory - argues social movements emerged South to pursue issues away traditional - gender, env, indigenous - NSM not focus class - critiqued as sees movements as new (fair trade historical roots), classless, portray as against W dev when oppose being excluded dev projects beneficial way
  • dependency theory - underdevelopment result exploitative capitalist system division first/third world - third forced develop according path where first world exploit for their goods - solve underdevelopment need break capitalist system - critique fair trade focuses on unequal exchange but not capitalist causes of this - use market - fair traders don’t blame exploitation on capitalist market, believe can fix trade everyone reap market rewards - fair trade abandoned alternative trade system, forced market model
50
Q

Richardson (2020) Sugar

A
  • sugar represents uneven development - impact body labourers vs obesity US children
  • issue trade - import tariffs/farm subsidies used way west benefit over poor sugar-exporting countries can’t compete - protectionist US, EU, Japan
  • social relations reproduced through sugar - globalisation/ international bodies transformed use/reach sugar - social inequality, pol crisis
51
Q

Gunawardana (2020) Clothing

A
  • Sri Lanka Juki Girls - young women migrated to export processing zones to stitch clothing living - rural to urban migration for waged work
  • global south mass entry women factories - WB advocates this as empowering women - recomposition gender subordination
  • female labour advantageous capitalism - long hours, no unions, cheap labour - spatial strategies eg. Thailand clothing factories border-towns, rely migrant workers without rights or social/cultural support/knowledge
  • paternalism Sri Lanka - management acts in place parents - women treated as daughters face sexual harassment, verbal abuse, physical insecurity - unreported
  • women need not seen victims, reclaim silenced voices - strikes, Malay workers Japanese factories 80s feinting
52
Q

Young (2020) Coffee

A
  • 1.6bn cups consumed world day - originates Ethiopia, market in west
  • Linked European colonialism eg. Dutch began cultivating coffee C17th Sri Lanka, East Indies, enslaving local populations - french grew coffee Haiti - african slaves
  • coffee production linked dev ‘success’ Brazil, Colombia, Kenya - coffee produced 50+ countries south, 125mn depend for living - incomes falling below production cost, corporations profiting due to structural changes post collapse International Coffee Agreement 1989 - regime 62-89 regulated coffee, shared power produce/consume - end price stabilisation after, liberalisation disbanded coffee boards, exposed market
  • flagship fair trade - first certified product - sales grow UK, fair trade started alternative trade programme link marginalised producers and N consumers - became mainstreamed with certification Fair-trade mark (standards)
  • some go beyond min standards eg. Equal Exchange sells 100% certified products and work directly producer organisations to reinvest profits/ improve quality, greater producer representation management organisations - ATO initiatives work producers improve knowledge industry, strengthen bargaining power eg. Ethiopian Coffee Trademarking and Licensing Initiative
  • women lot coffee labour - crisis burden on them - women growers vs men own land
53
Q

McEwan and Bek (2009) South African Wine Industry

A
  • wine industry exploitation, low wage, racial hierarchy, gender discrimination - market compromised conventions, codes, standards had used - need conform Northern-defined standards (tech, market based)
  • SA wine industry protection biodiversity selling point - market, conservation scheme - WIETA (UK gov project) ethical trade initiative set parameters ethical labour / working conditions winelands
  • BAWSI (Black Association of the Wine and Spirits Industry) aims wine industry representative, empower black SA become farmers/owners - poor conditions persist
  • SA wine industry pioneer fair trade - certification FLO since 2003 - 2006 Wine Industry Transformation Charter to open opportunity to those excluded under apartheid - BEE (Black Economic Empowerment) not requirement so often little transform structural problems
  • fair trade in general controversial - eg. coffee producers used social premiums pay expensive conversion process rather than invest back communities
  • certification becomes site social struggle over who defines quality standards - producers little power compared large retailers. certification tool governance powerful actors to discipline less powerful - challenge assumption env/social improvement - certification schemes can often marginalise small producers - mechanisms market + exclusion - SA wine industry smaller producer’s can’t compete. third party certifications like WIETA less open manipulation powerful actors but still embedded power relations.
  • often not marked improvement conditions
54
Q

The Economist (2000) Hopeless Africa

A
  • Africa as poverty stricken, AIDS, malaria, disease, refugees, war, brutality, floods, famine - stereotypical narratives Africa
  • blame’s hopelessness on culture, war, corrupt leadership, rebel leaders, no institutions governance
55
Q

Versi (2000) Praise Africa, don’t bury it

A
  • notes representations Africa destroy it
  • europe issues dealing states, what about africa countries huge sizes - broader ethnic diversity one country than many others put together
  • Europe still econ, employment issues after colonialism, industrialisation, trade monopoly - africa faces much worse situation
  • burden loans countries forced takeout, SAPs IMF now admits = more poverty, destructive impact CW (all other countries doing)
  • surprising number african states succeeding in spite of those things - Botswana and Tunisia fastest growth rates world this year, democratically elected govs most african countries, formal education spreading faster anywhere ever has, Mauritius and Tunisia competitive industrial centres
  • 1percent Africa’s population engaged in industry to 90percent Belgium but Belgium GDP not 90percent higher
  • 1/4-1/3 national income pay debt
  • growth in spite of so many issues, trade weakness etc
56
Q

Wainaina (2005) How to write about Africa

A
  • parody classical discourse Africa - ridicules those write books Africa, discourse (poverty, darkness, seeing one country, death, famine
57
Q

Mawdsley (2008) China and Africa representations British newspapers

A
  • Africa weak, dark continent, need help, ungrateful west, tricked china
  • china seen as demon, re-colonising africa, evil in opposition west, esp US
  • neg relationship africa and china - neg impacts china in africa - greedy chinese
  • competition influence Africa, China siding developing world, CW hostility US/China
  • hostility rise china
  • Yellow Peril China
  • new scramble africa
  • essentially vulnerable, victim Africa, saviour West, China villain
  • rising south, west threatened

Geographies of Development (3 decks)

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