Migration & Development Flashcards
1
Q
Somalia Remittances CS
Gutale (2015)
Banning-Lover (2015)
( Lindley (2006) )
( Lindley (2009) )
A
- 40% Somalis rely money sent from relatives abroad; 2mn somali diaspora send remittances
- annual remittances $1.3bn more than foreign aid and investment in Somalia combined
- Banks US, UK, Australia stopping allowing send money to Somalia as concerns high risk of money laundering or funding terrorism
- Somalians can’t afford medical bills, being evicted, can’t pay school fees children
- Somalia no central gov since 1991 and no banking system
- 1999 fund school Galkayo, Somalia - remittances from 500 families 12 countries provide $162,000 year keep it going but charity behind schools had accounts closed
- 2011 crack down banks checks money laundering = fines eg. HSBC fined £1.2bn not checking money to Mexico - Somali high-risk customers (even 2015 after actually had proper government) - banks cut off to avoid fines - banks risks outweigh problems caused in Somalia - damage of one transaction linked terrorism huge yet little evidence money getting to terrorists - blocking banks encourages illicit financial flows eg. driving w huge amounts cash
- 40% Somalia’s GDP from remittances (largest revenue)
- UK remittances not foreign policy issue despite £350m going there
- UK protests, parliamentary debates, petition w 112,000 signatories
- putting the crisis on Somalia with no gov and vulnerable
(Somalia GB colony collapsed 1991 - civil war 80s)
(Life expectancy 47, adult literacy 18%)
(2003 made 10% asylum claims UK - most national group)
(diasporas can help political groups Somalia)
(1mn live abroad out of 7.4mn)
(London large community somali diaspora - 60,000)
( 16% employed london - many barriers labour)
(61% in LND send remittances, $4,440 year sent)
2
Q
Massey et al (1993) Migration Theories
A
- Why international migration begins - neoclassical economics focus wage differentials (macro/micro), new economics migration focus household, dual labour market theory links migration structural requirements economies (demand immigrant labour inherent econ structure developed world), world systems theory immigration consequence globalisation (linked world market structure - expansion capitalism)
- perpetuate migration = network theory, institutional theory (creation smugglers, NGOs etc), cumulative causation (trends emerge), migration systems theory (pulls world systems theory with network, institutional, causation - migrant flows need degree stability and structure create international migration systems)
- causal processes migration operate multiple levels same time
3
Q
Castles (2010)
A
- general theory migration not possible - embed migration in understanding society and social change
- Massey et al (1998) argued theories used explain international migration forged industrial era, reflect econ, social, pol context - contemporary understanding needed
- some argue C21st fluid, open movement era - Bauman (1998) right to be mobile class-specific
- political discourse migration high/low skill - sedentary bias (Bakewell, 2007) = poor threat prosperity/public order if move so should stay home (since colonial)
- migration fuelled development capitalism, state formation, colonialism - globalisation grown lot since 1945
- problem conditions inequality under S-N migration occurs - marginalisation/exploitation migrants
- theoretical advancement migration hard - interdisciplinary, = compartmentalised knowledge - internal/international separated, certain regions linked area studies, bound up politics / policy agenda - policy focused research, complexity migrant experiences (neo-classical model not useful explain experiences)
- understand human mobility liked global change - social transformation - great C19th, great since end CW - changes linked eg deindustrialisation
- no longer social relations only occur within states
- CS - last 20 years restructuring labour forces rich countries w temp jobs, casual workers - expansion informal economy, working class vs migrants pol narrative - NYC C20th early immigrant labour southern/eastern europe packing, construction, transport industries - moved offshore = worse jobs cleaning, delivery drivers undocumented migrants do now
4
Q
Gamlen (2014) new migration-dev pessimism
A
- human geographers critiqued optimistic thinking m/d relation - new m-a-d pessimism
- past 2 decades pessimistic perspectives dev impacts migration given way optimism potential migrants benefit and help countries - human geog critique this
- pos link m and d in research, gov
- geog long understood d/m link - Ravenstein econ dev drives emigration - m/d link neg/pos swinging
- 50s/60s optimism econ expansion, migration restore equilibrium labour rich, capital poor areas and labour poor, capital rich destinations - neo-classical econ theory
- 70s pessimism econ crisis - migration increasing inequality between countries, rich countries cherry-pick - brain drain, remittances wasted conspicuous consumption
- new optimism rising econ boom 90s - new economics labour migration, remittances multiplier effect, diaspora networks - new optimism fails acknowledge costs, exploitation, pol, ethnic tensions - thinks if policy’s right migration benefits all
- human geog critique this 90s/00s - optimism just latest cycle, and driven pol/econ interests - NL reform and immigration control
- Faist (2009) links swings dev theory shift - state led industrialisations 50s/60s; 70s brain drain; 80s NL; 90s individualisation
- remittances relied on dev
- optimism hides rejected asylum seekers
5
Q
Williams (2009)
A
- lot writing uneven econ dev fails account international migration
- focus individual migration decisions as cost vs gain - focus long term, not temp, don’t account complex motivations move, or inequalities capitalist labour markets - focus market and skills - not knowledge - migrants start own business, provide others jobs - may have to do this due racism/othering
- Mobility shifts - individuals more likely go overseas job, mobility influenced cheap airlines = widen labour market access, polarisation skilled/unskilled
- individual migrants embedded in mobilities - econ analysis migration focuses labour, wage economy, not mobility - networks space, people, things. Types mobility = discovery (eg student, rite passage), accompanying (family with migrants), servicing (respond demand workers), visiting friends/relatives (eg tourism), post-employment (retirement)
- impact migration uneven dev and city polarisation mediated multi-level governance
- neo-classical approaches still influence policy
6
Q
Chan (2010)
A
CHINA CASE STUDY - see for specifics
7
Q
Gaetano (2016)
A
CHINA CASE STUDY - see for specifics - gender and rural women, migration
8
Q
King and Skeldon (2010)
A
- migration studies split internal/international - international focus - two becoming blurred fragmented journeys - division hampering
- Internal migration in china alone may exceed total global international migration soon
- goes through various ways migrate integrating internal/international steps - gender differences approaches
- Mexico-US migration
- Zelinsky’s model migration transition - critiqued/explained
- integration still relevant rural-urban as international - social, cultural, linguistic differences
- migration dev neus - international migration potential contributed dev - internal quantitatively more important
9
Q
Pickbourn (2018)
A
- women migrate internally Africa ignored migration conversations - esp internal and rural-urban migration seen neg dev theory/praxis - women discouraged internal migration
- Ghana research - rural-urban migration gives women independent income source
- SDG5 promote gender equality + women’s empowerment need diff approach internal migration women
- women Africa migrate cities for 5-6months time
- rise women’s migration form N Ghana driven livelihood insecurity - agriculture hit
- empowerment migration, escape gender discrimination, social control
- also threats in urban, can’t afford housing, pay toilets/sanitation, informal economy
10
Q
Sen (1999) Development as Freedom
A
- human development about expansion citizens capabilities - freedom = increasing citizens access and opportunities
- against high growth rates, against linear dev model - quality of life important
- econ and pol freedom
- favours free markets and freedom choose work
- democracy
11
Q
Film
A
The Last Train Home - 2009
12
Q
Constable (2009)
A
Hong Kong Protests
- domestic workers
13
Q
Osella and Osella (2000)
A
Migration, Money, Masculinity kerala
- gulfan stereotypes
14
Q
Yeoh and Huang (2010)
A
- Transnational domestic workers, negotiation mobility/work practices singapore- home spaces
15
Q
Hernandez-Carrretero and Carling (2012)
A
Beyond Kamikaze Migrants - risk taking west african boat migration to Europe
