Resuscitation

Question 1

what is clinical death

Answer 1

period of respiratory, circulatory and brain arrest during which initiation of resuscitation can lead to recovery with pre-arrest CNS function

Question 2

is clinical death reversible

Answer 2

yes

Question 3

is biological death reversible

Answer 3

no

Question 4

what is biological death

Answer 4

irreversible state of cellular destruction

Question 5

how long does clinical death last

Answer 5

under normal temperature, won’t last longer than 3-6 minutes

Question 6

chest compressions to rescue breaths should be in what ratio

Answer 6

30:2

Question 7

where should chest compressions be

Answer 7

middle of the chest in the nipple line

Question 8

how deep should chest compressions be

Answer 8

5-6 cm

Question 9

it is important to allow ____ after chest compressions

Answer 9

recoil

Question 10

when would you do rescue breaths before chest compressions

Answer 10

paediatric CPR or non-cardiac cause e.g. drowning

Question 11

what rate should chest compressions be

Answer 11

100-120bpm

Question 12

how many chest compressions per second

Answer 12

2 per second

Question 13

after how long should you change CPR provider to prevent fatigue

Answer 13

after every 2 min cycle

Question 14

how many rescue breaths in 10s

Answer 14

2

Question 15

what should you be wary of with chest compressions

Answer 15

gastric inflation

Question 16

what is transthoracic impedance

Answer 16

the body’s resistance to current flow - determining factor to successful defibrillation

Question 17

____ transthoracic impedence reduces current flow

Answer 17

high

Question 18

when should chest compressions be paused

Answer 18

check rhythm

allow shock

Question 19

should you do chest compressions when charging the defib

Answer 19

yes

Question 20

what arrhythmias are shockable

Answer 20

Pulseless VT

VF

Question 21

will VT or VF have a pulse

Answer 21

no

Question 22

what are non-shockable arrhythmias

Answer 22

PEA

asystole

Question 23

what should be given after 3 rounds of CPR

Answer 23

adrenaline

Question 24

what should be given every 3 rounds there after

Answer 24

amiodarone

Question 25

what is the pneumonic for reversible causes of cardiac arrest

Answer 25

4 Hs | 4Ts

Question 26

what are the 4 Hs

Answer 26

hypoxia hypothermia hypovolaemia hypo/hyperkalaemia

Question 27

what are the 4 Ts

Answer 27

toxins tamponade (cardiac) tension pneumothorax) thrombosis

Question 28

what should be given if someone is hypoxic

Answer 28

high flow oxygen and ensure airway patent

Question 29

what should be given if someone is hypovolaemic

Answer 29

IV fluids and stop haemorrhage if there is one

Question 30

what is the most common cause of cardiac sudden death

Answer 30

MI

Question 31

what are 2 things that can be seen with cardiac arrest

Answer 31

agonal breathing | myoclonus

Question 32

what is agonal breathing

Answer 32

gasping and laboured breathing, may be snorts | not true breaths

Question 33

what is myoclonus

Answer 33

abnormal jerky irregular movements which accompany agonal breathing in cardiac arrest

Question 34

when should amiodarone not be given

Answer 34

polymorphic VT with LQTS as amiodarone makes it worse

Question 35

how do you work out the HR from a regular ECG

Answer 35

300/no. of large boxes between QRS complexes

Question 36

how do you work out the HR from an irregular ECG

Answer 36

no. of QRS complexes in 30 small boxes x 10

Question 37

what is given in hyperkalaemia

Answer 37

IV calcium gluconate/chloride dextrose and insulin consider nebulised salbutamol

Question 38

what does hyperkalaemia look like on ECG

Answer 38

tall tented t waves | flattened QRS complexes

Question 39

how can hypothermia be treated

Answer 39

active rewarming techniques | consider cardiopulmonary bypass

Question 40

if someone that is intubated has a tension pneumothorax what should you check

Answer 40

tube position

Question 41

what are clinical signs of tension pneumothorax

Answer 41

decreased breath sounds hyper-resonant percussion note tracheal deviation

Question 42

how is tension pneumothorax treated

Answer 42

needle decompression or thoacostomy

Question 43

when should cardiac tamponade be considered as a possibility

Answer 43

penetrating chest trauma or after cardiac surgery

Question 44

how is cardiac tamponade treated

Answer 44

pericardiocentesis or resuscitative thoracotomy

Question 45

how is a PE treated

Answer 45

fibrinolytic therapy

Question 46

if fibrinolytic therapy is given how long should CPR be continued for before discontinuing

Answer 46

up to 60-90 mins

Question 47

what is the purpose of CPR

Answer 47

push blood out of and suck blood into chest hence importance of recoil

Question 48

what is the most common cause of PEA

Answer 48

hypovolaemia | could also be distributive shock