Pathology

Question 1

hospital autopsy requires consent from

Answer 1

next of kin

- may have been consented by patient before death

Question 2

who can request a hospital biopsy

Answer 2

doctor or family if unsure why patient has died

Question 3

what is immunohistochemistry

Answer 3

use of antibody markers (which are fluorescent) to identify antigens on the surface of a cell/tissue

Question 4

what are some ddx for sudden death

Answer 4

intracranial event

CV event

Question 5

what are some intracranial events that may cause sudden death

Answer 5

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

massive stroke

Question 6

what are some CV events that may cause sudden death

Answer 6

MI
Cardiac Arrhythmia
Dissecting aortic aneurysm
Thoracic aortic aneurysm

Question 7

Dissecting aortic aneurysm can be sporadic or genetic and ___ inheritance

Answer 7

AD

Question 8

what are some gene mutations that cause Dissecting aortic aneurysm

Answer 8

TGF-bR1 and 2
fibrillin 1
SMAD3
SMAD4
MYHII
ACTA2
MYLK1

Question 9

if Dissecting aortic aneurysm was genetic what might you see

Answer 9

additional characteristics

family history

Question 10

what gene is mutated in marfans

Answer 10

fibrillin

Question 11

Loeys Dietx syndrome has mutations in what

Answer 11

TBR1 or TBR2

Question 12

Loeys Dietx syndrome and marfans can cause

Answer 12

thoracic aortic aneurysm

Question 13

thoracic aortic aneurysm has ____ penetrance genes that cluster in a known pathway

Answer 13

high

Question 14

what is the prevalence of marfans

Answer 14

1 in 5000

Question 15

what is sudden death

Answer 15

sudden and unexpected death within 24 hours of symptom onset

Question 16

do deaths in custody require family consent for a PF autopsy

Answer 16

no

Question 17

when would a PF autopsy be carried out

Answer 17

sudden death
responsible clinician unable to certify death
negligence, suicide, homicide, drugs, industrial or notifiable disease, in custody, of a child, in work, iatrogenic, accidental death

Question 18

what is a view and grant autopsy

Answer 18

non-invasive procedure which involves an experienced pathologist externally examining the body of the deceased whilst considering the deceased’s history and the events surrounding the death

Question 19

when is a view and grant autopsy carried out

Answer 19

non-suspicious cases, significant natural pathology, elderly
or family refusal for personal/religious/cultural reasons

Question 20

what is metaplasia

Answer 20

the transformation of one differentiated cell type to another differentiated cell type

Question 21

give an example of metaplasia

Answer 21

baretts oesophagus

Question 22

what is dysplasia

Answer 22

presence of cells of an abnormal type within tissue, which may signify a stage preceding the development of cancer (pre-invasive)

Question 23

what is differentiation

Answer 23

the extent to which a tumour resembles its parent tissue

Question 24

why are vitreous humour samples taken

Answer 24

good representation of blood components prior to death

Question 25

why are vitreous humour samples better than blood samples after death

Answer 25

blood glucose and alcohol change post mortem due to bacteria overproduction

Question 26

what is the act under which hospitals carry out autopsies

Answer 26

Human Tissue Act