Pathology Flashcards
hospital autopsy requires consent from
next of kin
- may have been consented by patient before death
who can request a hospital biopsy
doctor or family if unsure why patient has died
what is immunohistochemistry
use of antibody markers (which are fluorescent) to identify antigens on the surface of a cell/tissue
what are some ddx for sudden death
intracranial event
CV event
what are some intracranial events that may cause sudden death
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
massive stroke
what are some CV events that may cause sudden death
MI
Cardiac Arrhythmia
Dissecting aortic aneurysm
Thoracic aortic aneurysm
Dissecting aortic aneurysm can be sporadic or genetic and ___ inheritance
AD
what are some gene mutations that cause Dissecting aortic aneurysm
TGF-bR1 and 2 fibrillin 1 SMAD3 SMAD4 MYHII ACTA2 MYLK1
if Dissecting aortic aneurysm was genetic what might you see
additional characteristics
family history
what gene is mutated in marfans
fibrillin
Loeys Dietx syndrome has mutations in what
TBR1 or TBR2
Loeys Dietx syndrome and marfans can cause
thoracic aortic aneurysm
thoracic aortic aneurysm has ____ penetrance genes that cluster in a known pathway
high
what is the prevalence of marfans
1 in 5000
what is sudden death
sudden and unexpected death within 24 hours of symptom onset
do deaths in custody require family consent for a PF autopsy
no
when would a PF autopsy be carried out
sudden death
responsible clinician unable to certify death
negligence, suicide, homicide, drugs, industrial or notifiable disease, in custody, of a child, in work, iatrogenic, accidental death
what is a view and grant autopsy
non-invasive procedure which involves an experienced pathologist externally examining the body of the deceased whilst considering the deceased’s history and the events surrounding the death
when is a view and grant autopsy carried out
non-suspicious cases, significant natural pathology, elderly
or family refusal for personal/religious/cultural reasons
what is metaplasia
the transformation of one differentiated cell type to another differentiated cell type
give an example of metaplasia
baretts oesophagus
what is dysplasia
presence of cells of an abnormal type within tissue, which may signify a stage preceding the development of cancer (pre-invasive)
what is differentiation
the extent to which a tumour resembles its parent tissue
why are vitreous humour samples taken
good representation of blood components prior to death
why are vitreous humour samples better than blood samples after death
blood glucose and alcohol change post mortem due to bacteria overproduction
what is the act under which hospitals carry out autopsies
Human Tissue Act
