Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

hospital autopsy requires consent from

A

next of kin

- may have been consented by patient before death

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2
Q

who can request a hospital biopsy

A

doctor or family if unsure why patient has died

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3
Q

what is immunohistochemistry

A

use of antibody markers (which are fluorescent) to identify antigens on the surface of a cell/tissue

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4
Q

what are some ddx for sudden death

A

intracranial event

CV event

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5
Q

what are some intracranial events that may cause sudden death

A

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

massive stroke

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6
Q

what are some CV events that may cause sudden death

A

MI
Cardiac Arrhythmia
Dissecting aortic aneurysm
Thoracic aortic aneurysm

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7
Q

Dissecting aortic aneurysm can be sporadic or genetic and ___ inheritance

A

AD

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8
Q

what are some gene mutations that cause Dissecting aortic aneurysm

A
TGF-bR1 and 2
fibrillin 1
SMAD3
SMAD4
MYHII
ACTA2
MYLK1
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9
Q

if Dissecting aortic aneurysm was genetic what might you see

A

additional characteristics

family history

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10
Q

what gene is mutated in marfans

A

fibrillin

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11
Q

Loeys Dietx syndrome has mutations in what

A

TBR1 or TBR2

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12
Q

Loeys Dietx syndrome and marfans can cause

A

thoracic aortic aneurysm

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13
Q

thoracic aortic aneurysm has ____ penetrance genes that cluster in a known pathway

A

high

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14
Q

what is the prevalence of marfans

A

1 in 5000

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15
Q

what is sudden death

A

sudden and unexpected death within 24 hours of symptom onset

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16
Q

do deaths in custody require family consent for a PF autopsy

17
Q

when would a PF autopsy be carried out

A

sudden death
responsible clinician unable to certify death
negligence, suicide, homicide, drugs, industrial or notifiable disease, in custody, of a child, in work, iatrogenic, accidental death

18
Q

what is a view and grant autopsy

A

non-invasive procedure which involves an experienced pathologist externally examining the body of the deceased whilst considering the deceased’s history and the events surrounding the death

19
Q

when is a view and grant autopsy carried out

A

non-suspicious cases, significant natural pathology, elderly
or family refusal for personal/religious/cultural reasons

20
Q

what is metaplasia

A

the transformation of one differentiated cell type to another differentiated cell type

21
Q

give an example of metaplasia

A

baretts oesophagus

22
Q

what is dysplasia

A

presence of cells of an abnormal type within tissue, which may signify a stage preceding the development of cancer (pre-invasive)

23
Q

what is differentiation

A

the extent to which a tumour resembles its parent tissue

24
Q

why are vitreous humour samples taken

A

good representation of blood components prior to death

25
why are vitreous humour samples better than blood samples after death
blood glucose and alcohol change post mortem due to bacteria overproduction
26
what is the act under which hospitals carry out autopsies
Human Tissue Act