Restoration Measures and Comparisons

Question 1

What is an example of restoration measures for salt marshes in the U.S.?

Answer 1

Removal of invasive grass (Phagmites, reed grass)
Plant native grass (Spartina, cordgrass)
No modification of hydro-period

Question 2

What are 2 Restoration Measures?

Answer 2

• Reinstating natural disturbance or removing unnatural disturbance
• Reintroducing native species, soil, and/or water amendments and herbicide use

Question 3

What is an example of Restoration Measures in a salt marsh?

Answer 3

Allowing sea water back in the marsh can decrease invasive species and increase native species with only one restoration measure

Question 4

What are examples of reinstating natural disturbance and removing unnatural disturbance?

Answer 4

• Allowing wildfires
• Allowing sea water re-entry into salt marsh
• Removing cattle grazing

Question 5

Reclamation

Answer 5

• Not restoration because there is nothing left to restore to
• Stabilization of soil and water on lands that have been damaged by industrial activity, mining and road cuts

Question 6

What species are usually used in reclamation?

Answer 6

Agronomic/cultivated grasses

- Easy and quick to establish

Question 7

Conservation

Answer 7

• Preservation of existing species, landscapes, and ecosystems
• Wise use of natural resources (sustainable development and management)

Question 8

Landscape Conservation Cooperatives (LCC)

Answer 8

• National network of interdependent partnerships of Government agencies, NGO’s, First Nations, Universities, etc.
• Seamless Network informing resource management decisions to address national-scale stressors including climate change

Question 9

Mitigation

Answer 9

Reduce environmental damage by reducing specific pollution sources

Question 10

What are some examples of Mitigation?

Answer 10

• End-of-pipe management of discharging wastes (such as sewage) into the envr (VICTORIA!)
• Gross pollutant end of pipe trap
• Concept of envr credits, cap and trade, carbon credits
• Kyoto Protocol

Question 11

REDD

Answer 11

Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation

- Involves whole countries, provinces, states, cities and companies

Question 12

Stewardship

Answer 12

Maintaining or protecting a natural area or natural resource

• Linked to sustainability
• Friends of… Groups

Question 13

Enhancement

Answer 13

Manipulating habitat to allow a selected species to exceed its historical population levels in a particular area

Question 14

Motive for enhancement of environment?

Answer 14

Socio-economic

Question 15

Examples of enhancement of environment

Answer 15

Burning forage in Northern BC and controlling predators (wolves) to enhance Bison and ungulate numbers
- Open Marsh Water Management (OMWM)

Question 16

What is OMWM?

Answer 16

Open Marsh Water Management

- Suitable habitat (marsh ponds) are created for larvivorous (mosquito eating) fishes

Question 17

In the U.S. salt marsh case, why wouldn’t modifying the hydro-period work such as it might in the IVBRP case?

Answer 17

Modifying the hydro-period wouldn’t work because the invasive phagmites had adapted to the marsh environment so changing the water-table would have no effect on the invasive hold.

Question 18

What method would be best to use in restoring IVBRP and why?

Answer 18

Modifying the hydro-period and the water table because it was the modification of this factor with drainage, ditching, and gates that allowed invasives to establish in the first place

Question 19

Why are Carbon emissions in the states likely decreasing?

Answer 19

Shift from coal burning to fracking (“cleaner”)

Question 20

What are examples of low-level scale mitigations?

Answer 20

• End of pipe discharge of pollutants/sewage (Victoria)

- Gross pollutant end of pipe trap

Question 21

What are examples of high-level scale mitigations?

Answer 21

• Cap and trade, carbon credits, envr. credits
• Kyoto Protocol
• REDD

Question 22

Which grasses are often used in reclamation by BC Hydro?

Answer 22

Annual wheatgrass because it establishes and Perennial Ryegrass because it will keep growing

Question 23

Describe the extraction/reclamation relationship

Answer 23

Reclamation should be close to the effort of extraction, but often isn’t.
Reclamation lags behind extraction

Question 24

Which ecological community is well represented in BC and why?

Answer 24

Alpine Tundra because it is not easy to develop and is less accessible than the valleys and grasslands

Question 25

Describe repercussions of First Nations management of grasslands (Interior case)

Answer 25

• FN burned the terraces and valleys to maintain grazing for elk
• Without fire disturbance the pines and trees are germinating, invading ‘historical’ grasslands and increasing in valleys