Restoration England - War Flashcards
1
Q
when was the second Anglo-Dutch war?
A
1665 - 1667
2
Q
why did the second Anglo-Dutch war break out?
A
- mainly due to their rivalry over trade and colonies
- the two key events that led to the war were :
- the English attack on the Dutch slave trading posts in West Africa in 1663
- the capture of New Amsterdam in 1664
3
Q
what occurred during the battle of Lowestoft?
A
- the English inflicted a heavy defeat on the Dutch who lost 30 ships, along with Jacob Opdam, one of their most respected admirals
- as the remaining ships sailed away, James decided not to pursue them
4
Q
when was the battle of Lowestoft?
A
- 13th June 1665
5
Q
how did the Second Anglo-Dutch War go wrong for England?
A
- in January 1666, things became much harder due to France’s entry into the war in support of the Dutch
- as English ships sailed to where they thought a French convoy was positioned, the Dutch were able to rebuild and prepare for battle once again
- between 1 and 4 June, Dutch and English ships engaged in one of the longest naval battles ever fought
- the Four Days’ Battle saw intense fighting, resulting in a terrible defeat for the English - lost 20 ships
- the Dutch blockaded the Thames, trapping the English navy. The blockade was finally broken on 25th July
- Charles felt confident and so he allowed the ships to be moored and his sailors to go home
- however Dutch ships came within 20 miles of London and caused great damage along the riverbanks
- humiliated, Charles signed the Treaty of Breda which gave the Dutch most of what they wanted
6
Q
what was the aftermath of the Dutch raid on the Medway?
A
- the Dutch finally withdrew on 14th June but the raid cost the English 13 ships
- the Dutch also took two of the navy’s finest ships as trophies
- parliament granted huge sums of money to build even greater, more modern ships, which played an important role in England’s dominance of the sea in the following century.
7
Q
when did Charles sign the Secret Treaty of Dover?
A
1670
8
Q
what was the Secret Treaty of Dover?
A
- it meant that the two countries would support each other in a war against the Dutch and that Charles would receive financial support from the French King
- the treaty also stated that Charles would officially convert to Catholicism as soon as possible
9
Q
how did Parliament respond to the Declaration of Indulgence?
A
- Parliament was angry and concerned about the king’s possible Catholic leanings, refused to give any more financial support to the war
10
Q
when was the Declaration of Indulgence?
A
15th March 1672
11
Q
what occurred during the third Anglo-Dutch War?
A
- battle of Sole Bay on 28 May 1672, the Dutch inflicted great damage on the English, sinking dozens of ships and killing the Earl of Sandwich after the French fleet fled
- on 28 May 1673, under the command of the king’s cousin, Prince Rupert, the English launched an attack on a Dutch convoy, but the Dutch were well prepared and once again the English suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Schoonveld Channel, which began on the same day
- the English were defeated once again at the Battle of Texel on 11 August 1673
- peace was made when the Treaty of Westminister was signed on 16 February 1674
- France was a Catholic power and many saw Charles’s support for France as a sign of a possible return to Catholicism in England
12
Q
who was Charles’s younger sister?
A
- Henrietta-Anne, was married to the French king’s brother and had influence in the French court
- she was also very close to Charles. She played a role in the negotiations that led to the Secret Treaty of Dover
13
Q
what happened after the third Anglo-Dutch War?
A
- after the disastrous war and facing a hostile parliament, Charles needed money and Louis could provide this
- from 1675, he began giving money to Charles
- In 1677, Charles and Louis signed the Treaty of Germaine-en-Laye, designed to improve links between the countries
14
Q
was there another dutch war?
A
- in 1678, Parliament agreed to fund the war on the condition that England supported the Netherlands
- Charles agreed, a clear victory for Parliament, but ultimately the war came to an end before England could become involved
- despite his promise to support the Dutch, Charles had made a secret agreement with the French not to attack them
- when in October the truth was revealed, Parliament was outraged and Charles quickly prorogued and then dissolved it
15
Q
why did the Huguenots have to leave France?
A
- In 1685, when Louis issued the Revocation of Nantes, which made all forms of Protestantism illegal in France
- many were killed but an estimated 50,000 fled France and arrived as refugees in England and Wales
