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Geography - Unit 1 > Restless Earth: Case Studies > Flashcards

Restless Earth: Case Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

EYJAFJALLAJÄKULL: Geographical Cause

A
  • Mid Atlantic edge (NA plate & Eurasian plate)
  • Due to complicated plate tectonics partial subduction of the Eurasian plate occurs
  • Composite volcano
  • Iceland is on a hot spot of warm and high pressure magma, which is runny and basaltic
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2
Q

EYJAFJALLAJÄKULL: when?

A

April 14th 2010

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3
Q

EYJAFJALLAJÄKULL: the eruption

A

The eruption was 250m below the ice. Created a surge of meltwater or JOKULHLAUP. Water entered the CALDERA making a PHREATOMAGNETIC eruption 8km high. Meltwater flooded the m1 and washed away bridges. Ash covered farmland with toxic ash & fluoride.

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4
Q

EYJAFJALLAJÄKULL: secondary effects

A

Air space between 20-40thousand feet full of ash. 20 countries fully closed their airspace, 100,000 flights cancelled meaning the aero-travel industry lost £130 million a day. F1 teams had to drive to China, Icelandic fishing suffered for many months and KENYAN FLOWER EXPORTS LOST £1.3 MILLION A DAY.

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5
Q

EYJAFJALLAJÄKULL: Positives?

A
  • 50,000 extra passengers on Eurostar links
  • Car rental businesses got extra income
  • 2.8 million less tonnes of CO2 released
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6
Q

EYJAFJALLAJÄKULL: responses?

A

Quick well trained rescue teams saved lives and left farm animals behind.

New research centre built in Iceland. The air industry invested £200 million into research and new flight rules introduced.

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7
Q

HAITI: when

A

12th January 2010

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8
Q

HAITI: tectonics

A

A complex set of plate margins: the NA plate and Caribbean plate move conservatively with the GENOVE micro plate in between; it has two SLIP STRIKE FAULTS. On the southern ENRIQUILLO-PLANTAIN pressure had built up for 250years and was released in 2010 along 65km of the fault.

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9
Q

HAITI: the quake

A
  • 7 Richter shaking the earth 4meters
  • focus just 13km deep, epicentre 15km away from PORT AU PRINCE
  • 52 aftershocks
  • Liquefaction, landslides (due to deforestation) and a tsunami that killed 3
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10
Q

HAITI: problems before quake

A
  • Poorest Western Hemisphere country
  • Poor infrastructure, crumbling cement built on unstable ground
  • Lack of clean water or electricity
  • Basic easily damaged airports/ports
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11
Q

HAITI: effects

A
  • 1/5 below poverty line —–> 80% below poverty line
  • 230,000 dead
  • 3 million homeless
  • 20000 new orphans (‘restavek’ children used for slave labour)
  • 250,000 residences collapse
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12
Q

HAITI: economic effects

A 
$11.5 damage = 120% of GDP
1/3 building collapse
1/2 schools close
Tourism destroyed 
Slow growth
Unemployment
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13
Q

HAITI: Responses

A

Rescue teams arrive within 24hours from DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, U.S. , EU AND ICELAND. NGOs set up camps = safer than the streets. Bottlenecks at ports/airports meant slow distribution of food. MASS GRAVES BUILT. USS CARL VINSON arrived with 600,000 emergency food rations, water containers and 19 helicopters

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14
Q

HAITI: camps

A

2 million in need of food, no running water, theft and muggings and violence, aid stolen then sold on, 1.5 million in tent cities

CHOLERA from NEPALESE aid workers kills 8000 and costs $2million to eradicate

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15
Q

HAITI: long term response

A

Business loans, 85 canteens set up and ran by Haitians
Land redistributed and mills set up to increase agriculture and food security
Housing developments slowly replace tents, stonemasons being trained for employment and to make stronger buildings
Social security for those disabled
People taught to build wells so they can be replicated elsewhere

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16
Q

KOBE: when

A

January 17th 1995

17
Q

KOBE: Tectonics

A

Around Kobe there are 3 main continental plates and the AMUR MICRO-PLATE. The DENSER OCEANIC PHILIPPINES PLATE is subducted under the lighter CONTINENTAL EURASIAN PLATE at a rate of 10cm a year. Friction here cause the earthquake. 7.2 Richter

18
Q

KOBE: where

A

The focus was 30km below the surface of AWAJ ISLAND and the epicentre 20km from Kobe. Seismic waves travelled along the NOJMA FAULT

19
Q

KOBE: effects

A

On the soft reclaimed land liquefaction occurred. Kobe is the 2nd most populous are in Japan. Ground moved 50m side-to-side and 1m up and down. Traditional wooden structures fell, 7500 homes burnt down, 2 million homes were without electricity and 1 million homes with out water for 10 days, DEATH TOLL 6000 and 22000 injured, 300000 left homeless that nights sheltered in unsanitary town halls ect

20
Q

KOBE: economics

A
  • cost $102.5 billion
  • 4% of japans industry was in Kobe and much of it damaged in the liquefaction zone
  • unemployment rose
  • hanshin expressway collapsed
  • 130km section of the bullet train closed
  • just 30% of railways useable
  • 120/150 quays destroyed
21
Q

KOBE: Short term response

A

Search and response teams looked for survivors and cleared rubble, didn’t have infrared scanners. Fire teams worked non stop. Hospitals filled up and transferred patients across Japan, shelters were set up. MOTOROLA made all communications free

22
Q

KOBE: long term response

A

Stronger buildings built further apart, all BRIDGES REBUILT IN 14 months with rubber blocks, 80% of railway and port back by August, water electricity by July. New laws for stronger buildings, seismic activity monitored and schools do earthquake drills

23
Q

Human uses of the Alps: ski resort

A

Val d’Isere France

24
Q

Human uses of the Alps: tourism

A

Interlaken Switzerland, glacial troughs shelter communities

25
Q

Human uses of the Alps: Austrian dairy farms

A

Ski lifts used for milk, milka ect

26
Q

Human uses of the Alps: HEP

A

Serre poncon dam Switzerland

27
Q

Human uses of the Alps: Forestery

A

Black Forest Germany, sawmills on valley floors allow instant building materials

28
Q

Human uses of the Alps: Quarrying

A

Carrara granite Italy

29
Q

Human uses of the Alps: Transport

A

Alpine roads/rail

30
Q

Human uses of the Alps: industry

A

Aluminium smelting in Italy

31
Q

INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI: when

A

26 January 2004

32
Q

INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI: tectonics

A

The quake occurred in the SUNDRA TRENCH near the BURMA MICROPLATE. West of Sumatra. Just north of where the INDONESIAN PLATE IS SUBDUCTED UNDER THE EURASIAN PLATE. The STICK-STRIKE slope released a 9.3 magnitude earthquake which displaced water by 10/20m. It was a bigger quake than all in the previous 5 years combined

33
Q

INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI: effect

A
  • limited previous knowledge on tsunamis = high death toll
  • 250,000 dead, 3/4 sumatra 100s from other countries (tourists)
  • Sri Lanka 45,000 died, wave hits train and kills 1500
  • rate of incline effects damage, e.g Kamala beach in southern Thailand badly affected
  • 5million lost livelihoods
34
Q

INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI: economic effect

A
  • 430,000 homes destroyed
  • 100,000 fishing boats destroyed
  • fields ruined
  • $10billion lost in 24hr
  • $1.5 billion to rebuild homes and infrastructure in Sri Lanka alone
35
Q

INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI: response

A

Technology allowed Africa to be warned, reducing the death toll
The DEC organised aid, helicoptering in Food and Water to worst effected regions
Schools rebuilt and jobs created as long term aid
Research and money invested to tsunami research
New early warning system with buoys and satellites

Geography - Unit 1 (3 decks)

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