Ice On The Land: Case Studies

Question 1

SOLHEIMAJÖKULL: Iceland has warmed by how much over the past 200 years

Answer 1

O.7°C

Question 2

SOLHEIMAJÖKULL: tracked?

Answer 2

Since 1931 so moraine dating has been used to track the extent of glacial retreat

Question 3

SOLHEIMAJÖKULL: from 1931 —-> 2012

Answer 3

The glacier has retreated by 1,314m

Glacial budget is harder to calculate as tephra and geothermal melt are taken into account

Question 4

NANT FFRANCON VALLEY: pyramidal peak

Answer 4

Mt. Snowdon

Question 5

NANT FFRANCON VALLEY: misfit stream

Answer 5

River ogwen

Question 6

NANT FFRANCON VALLEY: hanging valley

Answer 6

Cywion

Question 7

NANT FFRANCON VALLEY: arète

Answer 7

Crib goch

Question 8

NANT FFRANCON VALLEY: corrie

Answer 8

Cwm idwal

Question 9

NANT FFRANCON VALLEY: Rock Steps

Answer 9

Ogwen rock steps

Question 10

NANT FFRANCON VALLEY: ribbon lake

Answer 10

Lyn Ogwen

Question 11

JUNGFRAU: resorts

Answer 11

(Switzerland near Bern) Wengen, Grindelwald, Mürren

Question 12

JUGNFRAU: winter attractions

Answer 12

Skiing, snowboarding, ice skating, snow sledding, snow shoeing

Jungfrauchjoch “top of Europe” 4,158m ice palace/sculptures

Question 13

JUNGFRAU: summer attractions

Answer 13

Hiking and cycling, sightseeing, birdwatching rare migratory birds, cultural experience

Question 14

JUNGFRAU: advantages

Answer 14

• £3-4million in summer months & positive multiplyer
• reinvestment in local facilities and amenities
• young people can find jobs without need for going to the city
• tree planting schemes

Question 15

JUNGFRAU: disadvantages (social)

Answer 15

• foreign businesses cause regional businesses to close
• seasonal/low paid work
• rising house prices as people buy second homes
• decline in traditional farming

Question 16

JUNGFRAU: disadvantages (economic)

Answer 16

Other industries decline as tourism brings in more income

Global warming is raising the snow line, putting the industry at risk

Question 17

JUNGFRAU: disadvantages (environmental)

Answer 17

800,000 guests a year bring litter and release co2 in there travels (=higher snowline)

Question 18

JUNGFRAU: sustainability schemes

Answer 18

• slopes with little snow closed
• 20,000 trees planted carbon neutral and reclaim alpine forest
• electrical trams run of HEP
• no car access in upper mountain
• Swiss government sustainable alpine management scheme
• UNESCO world heritage protects it by international law

Question 19

SUSTAINABLE ALPINE TOURISM: Belle Plagne

Answer 19

• highest resorts, underground parking and ski to your door = clean pollution free atmosphere
• above the tree line so no deforestation
• buildings made of wood in traditional method
• Avalanche fences by national park

Question 20

SUSTAINABLE ALPINE TOURISM: Chamonix

Answer 20

• attracts thousands of visitors in the summer
• ‘integrated tourism policy’ by local council
• free public transport
• local farming encouraged
• provides education about the glacier and environment

Question 21

ATHABASCA GLACIER: where

Answer 21

Jasper national park, Rocky Mountains, Alberta, Western Canada

Question 22

ATHABASCA GLACIER: retreat

Answer 22

Since 1950 the Park Agency Canada has placed markers every 5 years at the snout. Around 1500m retreated revealing smooth and striated bed rock

Question 23

ATHABASCA GLACIER: effect on the environment

Answer 23

The pro-glacial meltwater lake called SUNWAPTA LAKE is supplied by the glacier, as the glacier retreats it acts as a sediment trap, between 1974-2000 it is estimated 20,000m^3 per year was deposited

Question 24

ATHABASCA GLACIER: location and facilities

Answer 24

• close to the ICEFIELDS PARKWAY ROAD which links the towns of BANFF & JASPER
• the $3 million complex called the COLUMBIA ICEFIElD CENTRE was opened in 1996, car parking, cafes ect
• attractions include snow coaches hiking and helicopter tour

Question 25

ATHABASCA GLACIER: sustainable management

Answer 25

A NATIONAL PARK and WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE, ecotourism is encouraged , Area is divided into 5 zones, one of which is specially protected

Question 26

GALTUR: when

Answer 26

Austria 23 February 1999

Question 27

GALTUR: weather

Answer 27

In January a depression formed over the Atlantic, when it met warmer air over the Alps 3m of snow fell

Question 28

GALTUR: The first Avalanche

Answer 28

The first Avalanche was in Chamonix with 12 fatalities, 100s of other avalanches occurred killing over 100 people

Question 29

GALTUR: before

Answer 29

Roads closed trapping 4000 people, as there were no previous records of avalanches there was no preparation, it was considered a ‘green zone’

Question 30

GALTUR: Avalanche

Answer 30

The large snow pack built up with a dangerous melt crust and a hidden saltation layer developed. The avalanche hit the south side of the village at 4am in the morning and was all over in 1 minute. It was 50m high, 180mph and 300,000 tonnes of snow. Dozens were buried and 31 died.

Question 31

GALTUR: response

Answer 31

• US Blackhawks flown in from Bosnia
• Largest successful airlift in countries history
• Rescue dogs used
• 22 people dug out and saved

Question 32

GALTUR: result

Answer 32

Less tourists
Snow fences built
A 300m long Avalanche wall built
Now a higher colour risk zone

Question 33

ABONDANCE

Answer 33

2008, lifts shut due to awful ski season. Instead promoted ski touring snow mobiling and snow shoeing as well as summer activities. They were brought in 2010 by an American ski lift company which connected them to higher slopes

Question 34

3 VALLÈES SKI RESORT

Answer 34

The largest linked ski resort in the world, leading the world in energy management and waste management - each village has its own scheme.
-new ski lifts to remove older less useful ones (eye sores)
-environmentally friendly snow cannons
-HEP used
-carbon assessments take place
“Think global, Act local”