Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

geography > Restless Earth > Flashcards

Restless Earth Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
0
Q

Describe a conservative plate margin

A

Oceanic and continental plates slide along each other. Causing earthquakes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Describe a constructive plate margin

A

Oceanic and continental move away from each other. Causing magma to escape between them onto the earths surface, shield volcano. Islands form over thousands of years as the ocean trenches through the surface of water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe a destructive collision boundary,

A

When two continental move towards each other and force upwards forming fold mountains. Formed over millions of years and are made up of layers of rock.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe a destructive subduction plate margin

A

Oceanic plate moves into and is subducted beneath continental plate. Composite volcanoes can be found. Earthquakes can be caused by subducting plate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe features of a oceanic plate boundary

A
  • newer less than 200 million years old
  • denser, can sink
  • can be renewed and destroyed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe features of a continental plate boundary

A
  • older over 1500 million years old
  • less denser, can’t sink
  • can’t be renewed or destroyed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Features of a composite volcano:

A
  • Lava is viscous (sticky) melted pieces of rock
  • Mounting shaped
  • Eruption: pyroclastic flow, ash, (lava erupts under pressure as gas and ate, surges)
  • Explosive
  • Wide crater
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Features of a shield volcano:

A
  • Lava is basalt, non-viscous (runny)
  • Flat and gentle sided
  • Eruptions on sea beds
  • Islands over thousands of years
  • Basalt lava has built many Ocean islands
  • Non-explosive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The runny lava is called?

A

Basalt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When land acts like a liquid due to seismic shaking:

A

Liquefaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The thick/sticky lava is called?

A

Viscous, andesite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The point on earth where earthquake waves are at their most powerful?

A

Epicentre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The name given to protect buildings by constructing an exoskeleton, example

A

Retroengineering, the Osaka Bay Tower, Kobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The scale that measures damage caused by earthquakes

A

Mercalli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The secondary threat created when extensive ash mixes with water,

A

Lahars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The name of the scale that measures the magnitude of seismic waves?

A

Richter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The name of the plug in the top of the volcano that causes pressure to build?

A

Lava dome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do spectrometers monitor volcanoes?

A

Measures sulphur dioxide, which turns surroundings yellow. Before eruptions, sulphur dioxide levels rise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The first wave to be released from the focus?

A

P-waves (primary) fastest waves, shakes earth backwards and forwards

19
Q

What is the second wave released from the focus?

A

S-waves (secondary) slower, moves side ways

20
Q

A deep depression created by a super volcano

A

Caldera

21
Q

Global effects of a supervolcano

A
  • Billions of ash released
  • Sun block out
  • Fall in temperature… Ice age
  • Crops die
  • Starvation
  • Planes can’t fly
  • Trade stops
  • Resources become scarce
  • Inflation
  • Recession
  • Conflict and war
  • Death
22
Q

How do Supervolcanoes form?

A

The magma chamber rises creating a bulge, magma comes out side ways and is still active, ground above collapses creating a caldera

23
Q

How can you monitor volcanoes?

A
  • GPS System
  • Tiltmeters
  • Seismographs
  • Digital cameras
  • Spectrometers
24
Q

Describe GPS Systems,

A

Use satellites to detect movement from volcanoes, monitoring eruptions

25
Q

What does a seismograph do?

A

Detects tremors and earthquakes, patterns can be found to help predicted volcanic events

26
Q

How are digital cameras used to monitor volcanoes?

A

It’s safe and effective, heat resistant cameras are placed on crater rims.

27
Q

How do Tiltmeters monitor volcanoes?

A

They identify changes in the landscape and to lava domes caused by shifting magma beneath (like spirit levels.) change would indicate the amount of uplift or subsidence.

28
Q

How do people use the Alps?

A
  • Tourism: skiing in the winter, hiking in the summer. (Source of income)
  • Farming: local residents, dairy, or traditional, transhumance
  • Mining: sedimentary rocks bring minerals and metals to surface.
  • HEP: steep V shaped valleys, easy to dam flow of water, high rainfall and river discharge help generate power.
29
Q

What are the disadvantages for people in the Alps?

A

Avalanches and landslides can occur, farming becomes more difficult and there are fewer jobs.

30
Q

Describe our MEDC earthquake case study (causes)

A

Philippines Oceanic plate subducted beneath Eurasian continental plate. 7.2 magnitude earthquake lasting 20 seconds.

31
Q

What are the effects of an MEDC earthquake?

A
  • Primary effects: buildings, bridges and roads collapsed. There were some deaths.
  • Secondary effects: fires broke out all over the city, businesses closed some left homeless. Approximately 6,500 deaths and 35,000 injured.
32
Q

Describe some of the responses from a MEDC earthquake,

A
  • Immediate responses: the Japanese government evacuated people into temporary shelters for 300,000 homeless.
  • Long-term responses: earthquake prof buildings were built with flexible flame and fire resistant materials, built on solid ground.
33
Q

Describe the causes of a tsunami, for our case study

A

it was caused by an earthquake from a destructive subduction plate margin. When it reached 9.0 on the Richter scale it became a mega-thrust earthquake.

34
Q

What are the effects from the Japan tsunami?

A

Primary effects: buildings destroyed, picked up everything in its past, automatic shut down of Fukushima, ships dragged onto land and the land started opening up, liquefaction.

35
Q

Name some responses from the Japan tsunami,

A

Immediate responses: automatic warnings were sent out, shelter and medical supplies were given out.
Long-term responses: more warning signs were put around, a capsule was built to put in homes to survive a tsunami.

36
Q

Describe our LEDC case study (causes.)

A

Caribbean plate sliding across the North American plate re-activating fault line under Port au Prince. 7.0 magnitude earthquake

37
Q

Name some effects from the LEDC earthquake,

A

Primary effects: 250,000 died, 1 in 3 buildings collapsed, infrastructure destroyed and ground opened, liquefaction.
Secondary effects: 1 million living in temporary camps in presidents garden, cholera broke out, thousands more died and 1.2 million left homeless.

38
Q

Name some responses for LEDC earthquake,

A

Immediate responses: only one ambulance was active, no rescue teams, people waiting at airports for help.
Long-term responses: City not rebuilt for 2 years, millions of people still living in tents, many still dying from cholera.

39
Q

What is our volcano case study and how did it erupt?

A

Mt St Helens, Washington state, USA. On the 18th of May 1980 an earthquake caused a landslide on the side of the volcano.

40
Q

Name some effects of a volcanic eruption,

A

Primary effects: pyroclastic flow killed David Johntson, burst out, 57 killed, trees blown over, has & deprive fell into Toutle River and Spirt Lake.
Secondary effects: ash clogged air conditioning, ash mixed with rain created lahars, mudflow.

41
Q

Name some responses from a volcanic eruption,

A

Immediate responses: planes were grownded, 2 million gas mask were given out over America.
Long-term responses: United States Geological Survey (USGS) now closely monitor the volcano, 3 million tourist now visit, debris cleaned from river and prevented flooding.

42
Q

What are some positive impacts from a volcanic eruption?

A
  • Lava and ash breaks down and provides valuable nutrients for soil.
  • High level of heat and activity close to volcano provide opportunities for generating geothermal energy.
43
Q

When and where did our MEDC earthquake happen?

A

Kobe, Japan January 17th 1995

44
Q

When and where did our LECD earthquake happen?

A

Port au Prince, Haiti on the 12th of January 2010.

45
Q

When and where did our case study tsunami happen?

A

Friday 11th March 2011 Japan, Sendai had a tsunami

geography (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions