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2240 Endocrine system > Rest of the stuff > Flashcards

Rest of the stuff Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenal cortex is the ___ layer of adrenal gland?

A

Outer

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2
Q

Adrenal medulla is the ___ layer of adrenal gland?

A

Middle

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3
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of adrenal gland?

A

Greater and lesser splanchnic nerves

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4
Q

What is parasympathetic innervation of adrenal gland?

A

None

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5
Q

Arterial supply and venous drainage of adrenal gland?

A

Adrenal artery/ vein

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6
Q

How does Adrenocorticotropic hormone get released?

A

Hypothalamus sends Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) to APG
APG releases Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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7
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) function

A

Targets adrenal cortex
Causes release of cortisol and aldosterone

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8
Q

What hormones does adrenal gland release during prolonged stress?

A

Androgens
Aldosterone
Cortisol

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9
Q

What do androgens do?

A

Target the gonads
Precursor to estrogen and testosterone
Regulates control over rapid growth spurts in pre adolescents

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10
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Target the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water and secrete potassium

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11
Q

Long term stress response of aldosterone?

A

Retention of sodium and water by kidneys
Increased blood volume and blood pressure

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12
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

Body cells increase ATP (energy) production
Protein and fat are converted to glucose
Supresses the immune system

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13
Q

Long term stress response of cortisol?

A

Proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy
Increased blood sugar
Suppression of immune system

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14
Q

Short term stress hormones of adrenal gland

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

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15
Q

What releases the prolonged stress hormones?

A

Adrenal Cortex

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16
Q

What releases the short term stress hormones?

A

Adrenal medulla

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17
Q

What do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

A

Target heart to increase heart rate and BP
Target bronchioles to dilate and increase respiration
Vasodilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscle
Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in skin and digestive organs
Increased blood sugar levels

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18
Q

Where is the thyroid gland?

A

Anterior to trachea and inferior to thyroid cartilage

19
Q

Arterial and venous drainage of thyroid

A

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries/ veins

20
Q

How is thyroid stimulating hormone released?

A

Hypothalamus sends thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) to APG
APG releases thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

21
Q

What does thyroid stimulating hormone do?

A

Targets thyroid
Releases Thyroxine (T4)
Releases triiodothyronine (T3)

22
Q

What does thyroxine and triiodothyronine do?

A

Controls rate sugar is converted into ATP
Increases protein synthesis and converts fats to sugar
Increase body temperature
Normal growth and development

23
Q

What is Calcitonin?

A

Hormone made by thyroid gland
Targets osteoclasts to help increase calcium absorption and decrease blood calcium

24
Q

Calcitonin is only released when calcium is too ?

A

When calcium levels get too high in blood

25
Q

Calcitonin is what kind of stimulus?

A

Humoral

26
Q

Where is the parathyroid gland?

A

On the back of the thyroid gland

27
Q

Arterial and venous drainage of parathyroid gland

A

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries/ veins

28
Q

What does parathyroid do?

A

Makes and secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)

29
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

Targets kidneys
Targets bone cells (osteoblasts)
Targets small intestine
All to increase levels on calcium in the blood

30
Q

Parathyroid hormone only gets released when?

A

Only gets released when calcium levels are too low in blood

31
Q

What are the alpha cells of the pancreas?

A

Glucagon

32
Q

What are the beta cells of the pancreas?

A

Insulin

33
Q

Arterial and venous drainage of the pancreas?

A

Pancreaticoduodenal artery/vein

34
Q

What does pancreas do when blood sugar rises?

A

Beta cells notice higher blood sugar levels and release insulin
Insulin makes body cells absorb sugar and release atp
Insulin makes liver convert glucose to glycogen
Blood sugar levels go down as a result

35
Q

What does pancreas do when blood sugar levels get too low?

A

Alpha cells detect lower glucose levels and release glucagon
Glucagon makes liver convert glycogen to glucose
Blood sugar levels go up as a result

36
Q

Where is pineal gland?

A

Part of diencephalon
Near posterior margin of corpus collosum
Superior to cerebellum

37
Q

Arterial supply of pineal gland

A

Cerebral arterial circle
Or internal carotid artery

38
Q

Venous drainage of pineal gland

A

Cavernous sinus

39
Q

What does pineal gland do?

A

Makes and releases melatonin

40
Q

Where is the thymus?

A

Posterior to sternum
Anterior to trachea and heart

41
Q

Arterial supply of thymus

A

Superior and inferior thymic arteries

42
Q

Venous drainage of thymus

A

Thyroid veins
Left brachiocephalic vein

43
Q

What does thymus do?

A

Produces thymopoietin and thymosin
These stimulate lymphocytes to mature into T lymphocytes

2240 Endocrine system (2 decks)

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