Rest of the stuff Flashcards
Adrenal cortex is the ___ layer of adrenal gland?
Outer
Adrenal medulla is the ___ layer of adrenal gland?
Middle
What is the sympathetic innervation of adrenal gland?
Greater and lesser splanchnic nerves
What is parasympathetic innervation of adrenal gland?
None
Arterial supply and venous drainage of adrenal gland?
Adrenal artery/ vein
How does Adrenocorticotropic hormone get released?
Hypothalamus sends Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) to APG
APG releases Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) function
Targets adrenal cortex
Causes release of cortisol and aldosterone
What hormones does adrenal gland release during prolonged stress?
Androgens
Aldosterone
Cortisol
What do androgens do?
Target the gonads
Precursor to estrogen and testosterone
Regulates control over rapid growth spurts in pre adolescents
What does aldosterone do?
Target the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water and secrete potassium
Long term stress response of aldosterone?
Retention of sodium and water by kidneys
Increased blood volume and blood pressure
What does cortisol do?
Body cells increase ATP (energy) production
Protein and fat are converted to glucose
Supresses the immune system
Long term stress response of cortisol?
Proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy
Increased blood sugar
Suppression of immune system
Short term stress hormones of adrenal gland
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
What releases the prolonged stress hormones?
Adrenal Cortex
What releases the short term stress hormones?
Adrenal medulla
What do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?
Target heart to increase heart rate and BP
Target bronchioles to dilate and increase respiration
Vasodilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscle
Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in skin and digestive organs
Increased blood sugar levels
Where is the thyroid gland?
Anterior to trachea and inferior to thyroid cartilage
Arterial and venous drainage of thyroid
Superior and inferior thyroid arteries/ veins
How is thyroid stimulating hormone released?
Hypothalamus sends thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) to APG
APG releases thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
What does thyroid stimulating hormone do?
Targets thyroid
Releases Thyroxine (T4)
Releases triiodothyronine (T3)
What does thyroxine and triiodothyronine do?
Controls rate sugar is converted into ATP
Increases protein synthesis and converts fats to sugar
Increase body temperature
Normal growth and development
What is Calcitonin?
Hormone made by thyroid gland
Targets osteoclasts to help increase calcium absorption and decrease blood calcium
Calcitonin is only released when calcium is too ?
When calcium levels get too high in blood
Calcitonin is what kind of stimulus?
Humoral
Where is the parathyroid gland?
On the back of the thyroid gland
Arterial and venous drainage of parathyroid gland
Superior and inferior thyroid arteries/ veins
What does parathyroid do?
Makes and secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What does parathyroid hormone do?
Targets kidneys
Targets bone cells (osteoblasts)
Targets small intestine
All to increase levels on calcium in the blood
Parathyroid hormone only gets released when?
Only gets released when calcium levels are too low in blood
What are the alpha cells of the pancreas?
Glucagon
What are the beta cells of the pancreas?
Insulin
Arterial and venous drainage of the pancreas?
Pancreaticoduodenal artery/vein
What does pancreas do when blood sugar rises?
Beta cells notice higher blood sugar levels and release insulin
Insulin makes body cells absorb sugar and release atp
Insulin makes liver convert glucose to glycogen
Blood sugar levels go down as a result
What does pancreas do when blood sugar levels get too low?
Alpha cells detect lower glucose levels and release glucagon
Glucagon makes liver convert glycogen to glucose
Blood sugar levels go up as a result
Where is pineal gland?
Part of diencephalon
Near posterior margin of corpus collosum
Superior to cerebellum
Arterial supply of pineal gland
Cerebral arterial circle
Or internal carotid artery
Venous drainage of pineal gland
Cavernous sinus
What does pineal gland do?
Makes and releases melatonin
Where is the thymus?
Posterior to sternum
Anterior to trachea and heart
Arterial supply of thymus
Superior and inferior thymic arteries
Venous drainage of thymus
Thyroid veins
Left brachiocephalic vein
What does thymus do?
Produces thymopoietin and thymosin
These stimulate lymphocytes to mature into T lymphocytes
