Rest of shit

Question 1

One example of the microbes changing their hosts

Answer 1

V. fischeri, and how they take over and close the squids microbe entrance so they can be the only ones in and they make them glow in the dark.

Question 2

What is a lab study?

Answer 2

In lab study happens in lab and can be good for making things neutral, but cannot replicate nature.

Question 3

What is a field study?

Answer 3

Field study happens in nature, while it is good because it’s “natural” nature can be a bitch and fuck everything up.

Question 4

What is a biofilm and how are they different?

Answer 4

Basically a community of microbes, and

• increased antibiotic resistance
• horizontal gene transfer
• shared resources

Question 5

How does penicillin work?

Answer 5

Penicillin activates cell wall synthesis, which means that the defensive wall of the cell breaks down, making it very weak and basically done for.

Question 6

What appendages can bacteria have?

Answer 6

Flagellum = swim

Type 4 pili = sticky hand

Question 7

What are the three domains of life? (in order)

Answer 7

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya

Question 8

All cells come from a common ancestor, name the two.

Answer 8

Bacteria and Archaea come from prokaryotes

Eukarya come from eukaryotes.

Question 9

Prokaryotic cell and the key features.

Answer 9

Does not contain nucleus. DNA is naked, and no membrane bound organelles.

Question 10

Key features of a eukaryotic cell

Answer 10

Multiple paired chromosomes contained in the nucleus. Organelles bound by membrane. Large ribosome.

Question 11

What is gram-positive?

Answer 11

A cell that has a cell wall with a thick layer of peptidoglycan but no outer membrane.

Question 12

What is gram-negative?

Answer 12

A cell that contains an outer membrane and cell wall, with only a thin layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall.

Question 13

What is the difference between naked and enveloped viruses?

Answer 13

Enveloped comes in this protective layer like a cocci, and has better protection against the immune system.

Question 14

What was a shocking discovery of viruses?

Answer 14

Essentially, there have been studies done where viruses could have actually had the genetic blueprint of photosynthesis.

Question 15

What is the proper sterile technique while coming into the lab?

Answer 15

Wash your hands, then put on gloves. Put your lab coat on with an extra mask. After that go to your table and use the 70% ethanol and wipe down your table with it on a clean paper towel.

Question 16

When would you add a tukey test?

Answer 16

On an ANOVA test to figure out where the differences lie.

Question 17

What do you need for a PCR test? And what do they do?

Answer 17

• Template DNA
• MgCl = enhances activity of Taq DNA polymerase
• Primer 1 and 2 = needed to amplify the target DNA fragment, one at the start and one at the end.
• dNTP mix = mix of nucleotides that are the building blocks
• PCR buffer = creates an environment for Taq DNA
• Taq DNA polymerase = an enzyme that helps catalyze the polymerization of the deoxynucleotides into a DNA strand.

Question 18

Steps of a PCR test.

Answer 18

• Initial denaturation = heat up to 94 C for 5 min
• Denaturation = 94 C for 30 seconds, goes into single strand
• Annealing = 62 C, for hydrogen bonds to form between primers and DNA template
• Extension = 72 C, a new DNA strand is synthesized
• Repeat
• Final extension