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Microbiology > 10-6-21 (DNA and RNA and stuff) > Flashcards

10-6-21 (DNA and RNA and stuff) Flashcards

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1
Q

How does RNA differ from DNA?

A
  • Single stranded
  • Has ribosomes
  • Will have another OH
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2
Q

Thymine is exclusive to….

A

DNA

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3
Q

Uracil is exclusive to….

A

RNA

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4
Q

How does replication work?

A

Occurs during interphase, the hydrogen bonds are broken due to the helicase, and then the primase starts the process of labeling stuff, then the DNA polymerase goes in and builds the replication, and the ligase glues everything. Supercoiling should be avoided.

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5
Q

What are non-pathogens and opportunists?

A

They are pathogens that don’t necessarily hurt healthy people, but they do hurt immunocompromised people.

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6
Q

What are autoinducers?

A

Signaling molecules that signal when the density rises, it causes for bacterium to communicate with one another or with others

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7
Q

Define virulence

A

Factors that make a disease more infectious or dangerous

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8
Q

The equation for disease is

A

D = NV/R

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9
Q

What is an encapsulated cocci?

A

Has a protective layer, so when it enters a white blood cell, it can take some hits

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10
Q

What was the significance of H.plyori?

A

It was found in the stomach mucus, before that we thought the stomach was sterile. It neutralizes the stomach lining acid and this causes a stomach ulcer. Marshall drank a fucking tube of this shit

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11
Q

What is an exotoxin?

A

A bacterium that bonds to a binding site, and puts in the toxins

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12
Q

What are three characteristics to endotoxins?

A
  • Gram negative
  • Minimal toxicity
  • Can withstand 100 degrees Celsius
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13
Q

What are three characteristics of Exotoxins?

A
  • Primarily Gram positive
  • High toxicity
  • Usually die at 60 degrees Celsius
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14
Q

What are the stages of microbial disease?

A
  1. Incubation
  2. Prodromal
  3. Illness
  4. Decline
  5. Convalescence
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15
Q

Define Epidemiology.

A

Designed to determine the source and cause of diseases.

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16
Q

Who and what was the first epidemiology case?

A

John Snow, 1849, Cholera outbreak

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17
Q

What are the classifications of diseases?

A
  • Sporadic
  • Endemic
  • Epidemic
  • Pandemic
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18
Q

If the reproduction rate is <1 then….

A

The disease will die out sooner or later.

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19
Q

What are the types of microbes

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Protozoa
  • Worms
20
Q

What is the infection cycle?

A
  1. Pathogen
  2. Reservoir of pathogen
  3. Transmission to sus host
  4. Entry to sus host
  5. Exit of sus host.
21
Q

What are the two types of disease transmission and give examples.

A
  • Direct: Kiss, sex, and cough

- Indirect: Water, blood, and food

22
Q

Name two purines

A
  • Guanine

- Adenine

23
Q

Name two pyridines

A
  • Cytosine

- Thymine (DNA only)

24
Q

Describe transcription/translation

A

RNA polymerase will connect complementary RNA to the DNA bases, then it will make a single stranded mRNA. This mRNA goes into the ribosome, where it tells the rRNA where to go by separation of codons.

25
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

It occurs between two organisms, and it is when a donor transfers genetic material to a recipient

26
Q

Describe transformation, and in-lab transformation

A

Uptake of free genetic material in the environment. The bacterium must be competent to do so, if not, in lab it can be heated to do so.

27
Q

Describe transduction and in-lab transduction

A

Foreign genetic material introduced via virus and then move by the help of phages. In lab, they just add a viral microbe to begin the process.

28
Q

Describe conjunction

A

When one bacterium, a donor (f+), gives a f-plasmid, to the recipient (f-) through a connection

29
Q

What is a novel antibiotic?

A

Antibiotics that attack antibiotic resistant bacteria.

30
Q

What new technique did Hamamoto and his team create?

A

They made this new soil agar, which is a mix of well, soil and agar to isolate and search for these novel antibiotics.

31
Q

Describe your ESKAPE pathogen

A

P. aeruginosa is a gram negative opportunist pathogen, that is commonly found in hospitals. It accounts for a big portion of all nosocomial infections, and the built is really dangerous. It has flagellum and pili, as long with an efflux pump that is resistant to multiple antibiotics.

32
Q

Describe another teams ESKAPE pathogen

A

Enterococcus; Found within hospital environments mainly because of poor hygiene. Survive in acidic and alkaline environments. Easily transmissible. Impacts the heart, blood, urinary tract, open wounds. Produce proteins to fight penicillin and can create biofilms.

33
Q

What is a t-test?

A

A statistical test to find out if a hypothesis is correct through the work of two samples and their averages.

34
Q

What is an ANOVA test?

A

Similar to the t test, except that it has more things to try out.

35
Q

What does a p-value < 0.05 mean?

A

It means that the null hypothesis is not correct, and that it is statistically significant

36
Q

What does a p-value > 0.05 mean?

A

Accept the null hypothesis, it means that there is no statistical significance.

37
Q

Define mutualism.

A

Both benefit

38
Q

Define commensalism.

A

One benefits, one does not.

39
Q

Define parasitical relationship

A

One gets hurt, and one benefits

40
Q

What is quorum sensing and who does it?

A

When bacteria can sense surrounding bacteria and how many like them. Auto-inducers do this shit

41
Q

How does reproduction work?

A

Prokaryotes reproduce asexually

42
Q

How does recombination work?

A

Eukaryote mush together to become new DNA

43
Q

Define biological replicant

A

Multiple samples from different areas.

44
Q

Define technical replicant

A

Repeated measurements of the same sample

45
Q

How do variant strains of E.coli viral?

A

They stick on surfaces for a while and then release the shiga toxin.

Microbiology (2 decks)

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