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BIOL 1202 > Rest of Exam 2 information > Flashcards

Rest of Exam 2 information Flashcards

1
Q

3 domains

A

eubacteria, archaea, and eukarya

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2
Q

5 kingdoms

A

moneara, protists, fungi, plants, and animals

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3
Q

___ involves fungi, plantae, and animals

A

eukarya (protists)

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4
Q

includes bacteria and archaea; no organelles, circular chromosomes; moves by flagella

A

prokaryotes

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5
Q

These describe cell walls in ___:

  • maintains cell shape, protection
  • composed of peptidoglycan in bacteria
  • phospholipid bilayer
A

bacteria

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6
Q

These describe cell walls in ___:

  • chemically distinct from other organisms
A

archaea

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7
Q

prokaryotes reproduce quickly by ___ ___, which can divide every 1-3 hours; mitosis (division into 2 cells)

A

binary fission

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8
Q

photoautotroph and chemoautotroph are ___

A

autotrophs

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9
Q

photoheterotroph and chemoheterotroph are ___

A

heterotrophs

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10
Q

energy source is light; cyanobacteria

A

photoautotroph

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11
Q

energy source is inorganic chemicals; sulfolobus

A

chemoautotroph

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12
Q

energy source is light; rhodobacter

A

photoheterotroph

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13
Q

energy source is organic compounds; many prokaryotes

A

chemoheterotroph

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14
Q

Many prokaryotes have ___ relationships

A

symbiotic

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15
Q

___ are often found in extreme environments

A

archaeans

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16
Q

Protists lack ___; thought to be some of the oldest eukaryotes, and many are parasitic

A

mitochondria

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17
Q

haploid cells transform into gametes, and gametes fuse to form zygotes

A

zygotic life cycle

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18
Q

causes malaria

A

plasmodium

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19
Q

produce 2 types of multicellular organisms (diploid and haploid); many algae and land plants

A

alternation of generations

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20
Q

eukaryotic, multi-cellular, and heterotrophic (absorptive); do not ingest their food

A

fungi

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21
Q

Fungi secretes exoenzymes into their ___ that break down complex molecules, then ___ smaller organic molecules

A

surroundings; absorb

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22
Q

often parasites, caused frog decline; hyphae, 1,000 species

A

chytrids

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23
Q

bread molds; 1,000 species

A

zygomycetes

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24
Q

myccorhizae; fungal hyphae, 160 species

A

glomeromycetes

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25
Q

sac fungi, morels; 65,000 species

A

ascomycetes

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26
Q

mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, rusts, and smuts; 30,000 species

A

basidiomycetes

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27
Q

___ makes up most of the structure of a fungus

A

hyphae

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28
Q

Thin tubular threads (haploid)

A

hyphae

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29
Q

hyphae massed together forms a mat called a ___

A

mycelium

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30
Q

___ have large holes in them, allowing organelles to pass from cell to cell; some hyphal cells are divided from one another by this

A

septa

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31
Q

fusion of nuclei

A

karyogamy

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32
Q

cell fusion is ___

A

plasmogamy

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33
Q

the diploid phase is the ___

A

zygote

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34
Q

diploid phase (zygote) following karyogamy is short lived and undergoes meiosis, producing ___ spores

A

haploid

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35
Q

gametophyte is ___, which produces gametes via mitosis

A

haploid

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36
Q

sporophyte is ___, which produces haploid spores via meiosis

A

diploid

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37
Q

__ can develop into a multicellular individual w/o fusing to another cell

A

spores

38
Q

___ must fuse with another cell

A

gametes

39
Q

eukaryotic, multicellular, and autotroph (photosynthetic)

A

plants

40
Q

What kingdom is this:

  • eukaryote
  • multicellular, heterotroph
  • involves insects, humans, and worms
A

animals

41
Q

What kingdom is this:

  • eukaryote
  • multicellular, autotroph
  • involves venus fly trap and moss
A

plants

42
Q

What kingdom is this:

  • eukaryote
  • multicellular/ unicellular, heterotroph
  • involves yeast, mushrooms, and mold
A

fungi

43
Q

What kingdom is this:

  • eukaryote
  • multicellular/ unicellular, autotroph/ heterotroph
  • involves algae, paramecia, and seaweed
A

protist

44
Q

What kingdom is this:

  • prokaryote
  • unicellular, autotroph/ heterotroph
  • don’t live in extreme places, found mostly everywhere
    live in/ on person’s body (E. coli)
A

eubacteria

45
Q

What kingdom is this:

  • prokaryote
  • unicellular, autotroph/ heterotroph
  • lives in extreme places (i.e. hot springs, acidic places)
A

archaebacteria

46
Q
  • decrease in dependence on water (vascular tissue, for reproduction)
  • increase in sporophyte portion of life cycle
  • increase in height/ size

These are ___ in plants

A

trends

47
Q

closest relatives of plant kingdom; means that the ancestor of all modern plants was a green ___ living in an aquatic environment

A

charophytes

48
Q

Features that distinguish plant kingdom from charophytes are their adaptations to a __ environment

A

terrestrial

49
Q

have stomata, waxy cuticle

A

non-vascular plants

50
Q

cells with one set of chromosomes (n); gametophyte that has __ cells –> gametes (sperm, egg)

A

haploid

51
Q

cells with two sets of chromosomes (2n); sporophyte that has ___ cells

A

diploid

52
Q

diploid cell resulting from fusion of two haploid gametes; fertilized ovum

A

zygote

53
Q

dominant form in vascular plants

A

sporophyte

54
Q

multicellular haploid plant; formed from spore and gives rise to haploid gametes

A

gametophyte

55
Q

seedless, nonvascular plants; closest relative of early terrestrial plants; mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

A

bryophytes

56
Q

no vascular tissue to transport nutrients, water, and food; water/ nutrients circulate inside specialized conducting cells

A

nonvascular plants

57
Q

Non-vascular plants are small due to poor transport of ___ and ___

A

water; gas

58
Q

Nonvascular plants thrive in mostly __ habitats

A

damp

59
Q

Bryophytes are nonvascular b/c they don’t have ___

A

tracheids

60
Q

nonvascular plant life cycle:
in ___, gametophyte is the dominant form; sporophyte appears for only short period

A

bryophytes

61
Q

nonvascular plant life cycle:
___ is dependent on the gametophyte; remains permanently attached to it in order to gain nutrition and protection

A

sporophyte

62
Q

gymnosperms and angiosperms are all ___ plants

A

vascular

63
Q

transports and stores water and water-soluble nutrients in vascular plants

A

xylem

64
Q

responsible for transporting sugars, proteins, and other organic molecules in plants

A

phloem

65
Q

able to grow higher than other plants due to rigidity of xylem cells, which support plant

A

vascular plants

66
Q

___ is one way only, and ___ two way movement

A

xylem; phloem

67
Q

Ferns, horsetail; reproduce w/ haploid, unicellular spores instead of seeds

A

seedless vascular plants

68
Q

haploid structure or organ producing containing male gametes (sperm)

A

antheridium

69
Q

multicellular structure where female gametes (eggs) are produced sporangia

A

archegonium

70
Q

where spores are produced

A

sporangia

71
Q

seed plants; have evolved cones to carry their reproductive structures; vascular system, roots, xylem, phloem

A

gymnosperms

72
Q

ovules and seeds of gymnosperms develop on the scales of cones rather than in enclosed chamber called ___

A

ovaries

73
Q

live in warm climates, have large, compound leaves and are unusual (pollinated by beetles rather than wind)

A

cycads

74
Q

only remaining species of gingkophyta, usually resistant to pollution

A

gingko biloba

75
Q

gymnosperms that are believed to be closely related to angiosperms b/c of the presence of vessel elements within their stems

A

gnetophytes

76
Q

gametophyte is dominant; sporophyte is reduced/ dependent on gametophyte for nutrition

A

mosses; other nonvascular plsnts

77
Q

sporophyte is dominant; gametophyte is reduced/ independent

A

ferns; other seedless vascular plants

78
Q

sporophyte is dominant; gametophyte is reduced/ dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition

A

seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)

79
Q

producing both male and female gametophytes

A

heterosporous

80
Q

the larger spore of a heterosporous plant, typically producinga female gametophyte

A

megaspore

81
Q

a small spore, as contrasted to the larger megaspore, whichdevelops into male gametophytes

A

microspore

82
Q

the structure in a plant that develops into a seed after fertilization; the megasporangium of a seed plant with its enclosing integuments

A

ovule

83
Q

the equivalent to a leaf in ferns and mosses that bears the sporangia

A

sporophyll

84
Q

modern angiosperms appear to be a ___ group

A

monophyletic

85
Q

Diploid microsporangium makes haploid microspores which develop into ___ grains (each contains male gametophyte)

A

pollen

86
Q

generative cell of gametophyte divides into ___ sperm

A

2

87
Q

Tube cell forms ___ tube

A

pollen

88
Q

Diploid megasporangium makes ___ haploid megaspores. One becomes female gametophyte

A

4

89
Q

female gametophyte contains ___ egg

A

haploid

90
Q

female gametophyte also contains a central cell with __ nuclei

A

2

91
Q

the tube cell ___ interspecies fertilization

A

reduces

92
Q

eukaryotic, multicellular, and heterotrophic (ingestive)

A

animals

BIOL 1202 (5 decks)

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