Rest of Exam 2 information Flashcards
3 domains
eubacteria, archaea, and eukarya
5 kingdoms
moneara, protists, fungi, plants, and animals
___ involves fungi, plantae, and animals
eukarya (protists)
includes bacteria and archaea; no organelles, circular chromosomes; moves by flagella
prokaryotes
These describe cell walls in ___:
- maintains cell shape, protection
- composed of peptidoglycan in bacteria
- phospholipid bilayer
bacteria
These describe cell walls in ___:
- chemically distinct from other organisms
archaea
prokaryotes reproduce quickly by ___ ___, which can divide every 1-3 hours; mitosis (division into 2 cells)
binary fission
photoautotroph and chemoautotroph are ___
autotrophs
photoheterotroph and chemoheterotroph are ___
heterotrophs
energy source is light; cyanobacteria
photoautotroph
energy source is inorganic chemicals; sulfolobus
chemoautotroph
energy source is light; rhodobacter
photoheterotroph
energy source is organic compounds; many prokaryotes
chemoheterotroph
Many prokaryotes have ___ relationships
symbiotic
___ are often found in extreme environments
archaeans
Protists lack ___; thought to be some of the oldest eukaryotes, and many are parasitic
mitochondria
haploid cells transform into gametes, and gametes fuse to form zygotes
zygotic life cycle
causes malaria
plasmodium
produce 2 types of multicellular organisms (diploid and haploid); many algae and land plants
alternation of generations
eukaryotic, multi-cellular, and heterotrophic (absorptive); do not ingest their food
fungi
Fungi secretes exoenzymes into their ___ that break down complex molecules, then ___ smaller organic molecules
surroundings; absorb
often parasites, caused frog decline; hyphae, 1,000 species
chytrids
bread molds; 1,000 species
zygomycetes
myccorhizae; fungal hyphae, 160 species
glomeromycetes
sac fungi, morels; 65,000 species
ascomycetes
mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, rusts, and smuts; 30,000 species
basidiomycetes
___ makes up most of the structure of a fungus
hyphae
Thin tubular threads (haploid)
hyphae
hyphae massed together forms a mat called a ___
mycelium
___ have large holes in them, allowing organelles to pass from cell to cell; some hyphal cells are divided from one another by this
septa
fusion of nuclei
karyogamy
cell fusion is ___
plasmogamy
the diploid phase is the ___
zygote
diploid phase (zygote) following karyogamy is short lived and undergoes meiosis, producing ___ spores
haploid
gametophyte is ___, which produces gametes via mitosis
haploid
sporophyte is ___, which produces haploid spores via meiosis
diploid
__ can develop into a multicellular individual w/o fusing to another cell
spores
___ must fuse with another cell
gametes
eukaryotic, multicellular, and autotroph (photosynthetic)
plants
What kingdom is this:
- eukaryote
- multicellular, heterotroph
- involves insects, humans, and worms
animals
What kingdom is this:
- eukaryote
- multicellular, autotroph
- involves venus fly trap and moss
plants
What kingdom is this:
- eukaryote
- multicellular/ unicellular, heterotroph
- involves yeast, mushrooms, and mold
fungi
What kingdom is this:
- eukaryote
- multicellular/ unicellular, autotroph/ heterotroph
- involves algae, paramecia, and seaweed
protist
What kingdom is this:
- prokaryote
- unicellular, autotroph/ heterotroph
- don’t live in extreme places, found mostly everywhere
live in/ on person’s body (E. coli)
eubacteria
What kingdom is this:
- prokaryote
- unicellular, autotroph/ heterotroph
- lives in extreme places (i.e. hot springs, acidic places)
archaebacteria
- decrease in dependence on water (vascular tissue, for reproduction)
- increase in sporophyte portion of life cycle
- increase in height/ size
These are ___ in plants
trends
closest relatives of plant kingdom; means that the ancestor of all modern plants was a green ___ living in an aquatic environment
charophytes
Features that distinguish plant kingdom from charophytes are their adaptations to a __ environment
terrestrial
have stomata, waxy cuticle
non-vascular plants
cells with one set of chromosomes (n); gametophyte that has __ cells –> gametes (sperm, egg)
haploid
cells with two sets of chromosomes (2n); sporophyte that has ___ cells
diploid
diploid cell resulting from fusion of two haploid gametes; fertilized ovum
zygote
dominant form in vascular plants
sporophyte
multicellular haploid plant; formed from spore and gives rise to haploid gametes
gametophyte
seedless, nonvascular plants; closest relative of early terrestrial plants; mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
bryophytes
no vascular tissue to transport nutrients, water, and food; water/ nutrients circulate inside specialized conducting cells
nonvascular plants
Non-vascular plants are small due to poor transport of ___ and ___
water; gas
Nonvascular plants thrive in mostly __ habitats
damp
Bryophytes are nonvascular b/c they don’t have ___
tracheids
nonvascular plant life cycle:
in ___, gametophyte is the dominant form; sporophyte appears for only short period
bryophytes
nonvascular plant life cycle:
___ is dependent on the gametophyte; remains permanently attached to it in order to gain nutrition and protection
sporophyte
gymnosperms and angiosperms are all ___ plants
vascular
transports and stores water and water-soluble nutrients in vascular plants
xylem
responsible for transporting sugars, proteins, and other organic molecules in plants
phloem
able to grow higher than other plants due to rigidity of xylem cells, which support plant
vascular plants
___ is one way only, and ___ two way movement
xylem; phloem
Ferns, horsetail; reproduce w/ haploid, unicellular spores instead of seeds
seedless vascular plants
haploid structure or organ producing containing male gametes (sperm)
antheridium
multicellular structure where female gametes (eggs) are produced sporangia
archegonium
where spores are produced
sporangia
seed plants; have evolved cones to carry their reproductive structures; vascular system, roots, xylem, phloem
gymnosperms
ovules and seeds of gymnosperms develop on the scales of cones rather than in enclosed chamber called ___
ovaries
live in warm climates, have large, compound leaves and are unusual (pollinated by beetles rather than wind)
cycads
only remaining species of gingkophyta, usually resistant to pollution
gingko biloba
gymnosperms that are believed to be closely related to angiosperms b/c of the presence of vessel elements within their stems
gnetophytes
gametophyte is dominant; sporophyte is reduced/ dependent on gametophyte for nutrition
mosses; other nonvascular plsnts
sporophyte is dominant; gametophyte is reduced/ independent
ferns; other seedless vascular plants
sporophyte is dominant; gametophyte is reduced/ dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition
seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)
producing both male and female gametophytes
heterosporous
the larger spore of a heterosporous plant, typically producinga female gametophyte
megaspore
a small spore, as contrasted to the larger megaspore, whichdevelops into male gametophytes
microspore
the structure in a plant that develops into a seed after fertilization; the megasporangium of a seed plant with its enclosing integuments
ovule
the equivalent to a leaf in ferns and mosses that bears the sporangia
sporophyll
modern angiosperms appear to be a ___ group
monophyletic
Diploid microsporangium makes haploid microspores which develop into ___ grains (each contains male gametophyte)
pollen
generative cell of gametophyte divides into ___ sperm
2
Tube cell forms ___ tube
pollen
Diploid megasporangium makes ___ haploid megaspores. One becomes female gametophyte
4
female gametophyte contains ___ egg
haploid
female gametophyte also contains a central cell with __ nuclei
2
the tube cell ___ interspecies fertilization
reduces
eukaryotic, multicellular, and heterotrophic (ingestive)
animals
