Ch. 30 Flashcards
Seed plants that have evolved cones (male and female) to carry their reproductive structures;
“naked seed”
EX. pine trees
gymnosperms
Has vascular system (i.e. roots, xylem, phloem)
EX. coniferophyta, cyacadophyta, gingkophyta, gnetophyta
gymnosperms
Major distinguishing factor b/w gymnosperms and angiosperms
naked seed
___ and ___ on gymnosperms develop on the scaled of cones rather than in enclosed chambers called ovaries
ovules; seeds
Dominant plant of gymnosperms, having needle-like leaves and living in areas where weather is cold and dry
conifers
Live in warm climates, have large compound leaves, and are unusual b/c they are pollinated by beetles rather than wind
cycads
Only remaining species of the Gingkophyta; usually resistant to pollution
Gingko biloba
Gymnosperms believed to be most closely related to angiosperms b/c of the presence of vessel elements within their stems
gnetophytes
Flowering plants–> classified based on characteristics that include cotyledon structure, pollen grains, flower and vascular tissue arrangement
EX. dicot
angiosperms
Flowering plants divided into ___ and ___
monocot; eudicot (dicot)
Flower is there to help the __ get fertilized
eggs
Ovary matures into a __
fruit
Fruit is an ___ that plants have to use animals to disperse their seeds
adaptation
A dicot is a ___
angiosperm
Is sperm or eggs bigger?
eggs
Microsporangium makes ___
sperm
Macrosporangium makes ___
gametes
Microspore ___
divides
Generative cell divides and makes __ sperm
2
In angiosperm life cycle, two sperm are made because one sperm the ___ which is a diploid zygote
egg
The other sperm in the angiosperm life cycle fertilizes the ___ cell making it triploid
central
The second sperm produces the ___ which is a food source for developing embryo
endosperm
The tube cell ___ interspecies fertilization
reduces
Tube cell is ___ specific
species
the human body produces ___ cells which are pairs of homologous chromosomes
diploid
____ produces 2 diploid daughter cells
mitosis
___ produces 4 daughter nuclei (1 member of each homologous pair, which is haploid
meiosis
eggs and sperm are ___
gametes
Gametes are produced from ___
mitosis
diploid to haploid (i.e. spores)
meiosis
haploid to diploid (i.e. humans)
fertilization
Plants are ___ cells (i.e. spores)
haploid
___ cell that produces spores is sporophyte
diploid
Sexually reproducing animals and plants use meiosis which produces ___ cells
haploid
Egg, spores, and gametophyte are ___ structures
haploid
Mosses ___ are the dominant stage
gametophyte
Ferns ___ is the dominant stage
sporophyte
green algae most closely related to land plants
charophyceans
Flowering plants that are most closely related to gymnosperms
angiosperms
Dominated during dinosaur era
gymnosperms
Ferns are what kind of plants?
seedless vascular
Most similar to first plants to bear gametangia
bryophytes
most common seed plants
flowers
algae and seed plant commodities are ___ and ___
cells walls; chloroplasts
Most important in enabling first plants to move into land is the development of ___ to prevent desiccation of spores
sporopollenin
Alternation of multicellular generations are __ in plants’ closest relatives
absent
in the life cycle of plants, ___ is dependent on its ___ parent
sporophyte; gametophyte
The body of most fungi is ___ (threadlike), which form network ___
hyphae; mycelium
Heterotrophic; absorbs nutrients
fungi
autotrophic; photosynthetic
plants
helps plants take up nutrients and water
mycorrhizae
close relative of fungi
animals
What is so different in the offspring in sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual?
sexually reproduced offspring is more adaptable to changes in environment
fusion of 2 gametes to form diploid zygote
fertilization
multicellular haploid form of protist that shows alternation of generations
gametophyte
mediates attachment of spores to surface on which to grow
holdfast
___ cells are produced by meiosis of diploid cells
haploid
gametophytes produce cells that undergo mitosis to produce gametes that fuse to form zygote
haploid to diploid
Most fungi are ___, and they produce ___ spores
decomposers; haploid
Fungi release their digestive enzymes into their ___
surroundings
produces diploid zygote
karyogamy
fusion of hyphae
plasmogamy
2 haploid nuclei are produced in the ___ stage of fungal cycle
heterokaryotic
Cup fungi is ___
ascomycota
___ are involved in asexual reproduction in fungi
condiophores
Plants depend on ___ as mutualistic symbionts
fungi
Plants are harmed by fungal ___
pathogens
Stage in fungi that generate genetic variation
transient diploid state
Diploid generation of plant life cycle always produces ___
spores
fertilized egg develops into sporophyte in ___ plants
seedless
Gametes are produced by mitosis
mosses and ferns
diploid sporophyte develops from ___ that was produced when haploid sperm fertilized haploid egg
zygote
conspicuous part of fern
diploid sporophyte
___ antheridia produce sperm
moss
sperm produced by mosses require ___ to reach archegonium
moisture
