Rest of Exam 1

Question 1

Rotatores origin and insertion

Answer 1

Deep to multifidus
Origin: rise from the TVP
Insertion: into lamina of vertebra directly above (Rotatores brevis) or lamina of the second vertebra above (Rotatores longi)

Question 2

Rotatores action and innervation

Answer 2

Rotate vertebral column to opposite side
And help w/ proprioception
Innervation: Post. Ramus spinal nerves

Question 3

Interspinalis origin and insertion, function, innervation

Answer 3

Connect tip of SP to the one above
In the cervical region, these are paired and attached to bifid SP
Function: extension of the spinal column
Innervation: Post. Ramus of cervical nerves

Question 4

Intertransversales (intertransversarii) origin and insertion

Answer 4

Origin and insertion: between TVPs of all vertebrae
Action: Lateral flexion of spinal column
Innervation: Post. Ramus of spinal nerves

Question 5

What are the intervertebral muscles and what is their action?

Answer 5

Interspinalis, intertransversalis, rotatores

Action: slight extension or rotation

Question 6

What is the thoracic outlet syndrome?

Answer 6

Tight scalene group pulls the head to the same side
Flex the neck, notice where the motion is restricted
Scalene can impinge on the brachial plexus, causing nerve pain/numbness down the arm.

Question 7

Scalenus posterior origin and insertion

Answer 7

Origin: posterior tubercles of TVP of C4, 5, 6
Insertion: superior surface of 2nd rib

Question 8

Scalenus anticus action and innervation

Answer 8

Works w/ levator scapulae to provide stability
From above: elevates 1st rib in inspiration if bottom part contracts it (NOT for respiration, only for pathology)
From below: anteriorly flexes and rotates C-spine to the same side
Innervation: ant. Ramus of 5th-8th cervical nerves

Question 9

Describe the 2 types of bone

Answer 9

Cortical - outer, dense

Cancellous - inner, spongy

Question 10

Cortex

Answer 10

Outer layer of bone
Composed of hard, compact bone
< age of 40, it supports 45% of compressive load
> 40, it supports 65%

Question 11

Periostium

Answer 11

Thin layer surrounding the cortex

Highly innervated by nerve endings, blood vessels, veins

Question 12

Cancellous bone

Answer 12

Inner layer, soft and spongy
Made up of little compartments w/ walls called trabeculae
They develop along the lines of greatest stress to provide strength

Question 13

Haversian system

Answer 13

Rings in cortical bone

Artery and vein in the center with tunnels around in between the layers of bone

Question 14

Prior to and after the age of ____, cancellous bone supports ___ % of the __________.

Answer 14

Prior to 40, supports 55% of compressive load
After 40, supports 35%
This is more pronounced with osteoporosis

Question 15

Changes in bone density with age involve….

Answer 15

Increases greatly during puberty and diminishes 35-40% between the ages of 20-80 years of age.

Question 16

Osteoporosis

Answer 16

• A decrease in bone density below normal
• increases chance of vertebral fractures due to mild pressure (including during an adjustment)
• may be generalized or localized (arthritis or steroid shots)

Question 17

Common causes of osteoporosis

Answer 17

• assoc. w/ menopause and aging

- also w/ decrease in hormones and lack of use of that bone/joint

Question 18

Parts of the Intervertebral foramen

Answer 18

Roof- inferior pedicle notch of vertebra above (superior vertebra)
Floor - superior pedicle notch of vertebra below (inferior vertebra)
posterior wall - formed by articular process

Question 19

Anterior wall of intervertebral foramen

Answer 19

Cervical and lumbar spine - posterior lateral margins of the vertebral bodies above and below as well as disc in between (2 bones and disc)
Thoracic spine - posterior lateral margin of the vertebra above only and disc (1 bone and disc)

Question 20

Where are bony IVFs located

Answer 20

All adjacent vertebrae from C2- sacrum

Question 21

Where are bony IVFs wider at?

Answer 21

The lumbar spine

Smallest in cervical spine

Question 22

Action of IVF

Answer 22

• Both open upon flexion
• both close on extension and rotation
• One opens on contralateral lateral flexion (opposite side from lateral flexion)
• one closes on ipsilateral lateral flexion

Question 23

intervertebral motor unit

Answer 23

2 adjacent vertebrae and their contiguous structures

Question 24

zygapophysis

Answer 24

• Articular processes (4 of them)
• Cervical and thoracic facets orientated in the coronal plane
• Lumbar facets orientated in the sagittal plane

Question 25

Prezygapophysis vs. postzygapophysis

Answer 25

• 2 superior articular facets on each vertebrae

- post: 2 inferior articular facets

Question 26

Parts of articular capsule

Answer 26

• synovial membrane - filled w/ synovial fluid
• central layer - vascular, loose CT
• outer part - dense, fibroelastic CT that connects to articular process. Highly innervated

Question 27

Myofibril, actin, myosin

Answer 27

Actin: thin filaments
Myosin: thick filaments
Myofibril: parallel filaments that stretch the entire length of the muscle