Quiz 2 Flashcards
Upper Trapezius insertion
Insertion: downward and laterally into the lateral third of the clavicle
Innervation of trapezius
Motor fibers from XI cranial nerve (accessory nerve) and sensory fibers from the cervical nerves C3 and C4
Action of trapezius
Suspends the shoulder from the skull and vertebral column
Upper fibers elevate the scapula
Middle fibers pull the scapula medially
Lower fibers pull medial border of scapula downward
Origin and insertion of Latissimus dorsi
Swimmer’s muscle
Spinous processes of T6 - L5 and iliac crests of lower 4 ribs
Insertion - Intertubercular groove of Humerus
Innervation and action of Latissimus dorsi
Innervation: C6-C8 spinal nerves (Thoracodorasal N.)
Action: adducts, extends, and rotates arm medially
Origin and insertion of Levator Scapulae
Origin: TVP of C1 - C4
Insertion: medial border (superior angle) of the scapula
Action and innervation of Levator scapulae
Action: extends cervical spine in bilateral contraction. Unilateral contraction = lateral flexion and rotation of the neck to the same side. Elevates scapula
Innervation: C3, C4, and C5 (Dorsal Scapular nerve)
Retractors of the scapula
Rhomboideus Minor and Major
Middle portion of the Trapexius
Upward rotators of the scapula
Upper and lower Trapezius Serratus Anterior (punching muscle)
Downward rotators of the scapula
Rhomboideus minor and major
Levator Scapulae
Insertion and origin of serratus posterior superior
Insertion: upper border of ribs T2- T5
Origin: SP f C7-T3, ligamentum nuchae, supraspinal ligament
Insertion and origin of Serratus Posterior Inferior
Origin: SP of T11-L3
Insertion: inferior border of ribs T9-T12 ribs
Splenius capitis origin and insertion
Splenius = bandage
Capitus = head
Origin: lower half of ligamentum nuchae and SP of C7-T4
Insertion: superior to mastoid on occiput of temporal bone
Splenius cervicis origin and insertion
Origin: SP T3-T6
Insertion: TVP of C1-C3 (deep to levator scapulae muscle)
What are the strongest muscles in the back that take on most of the work?
Erector Spinae
Intermediate layer of intrinsic back muscles
Iliocostalis lumborum origin and insertion
Origin: median sacral crest and SP of lumbar spine
Insertion: lower border of T6 - T12 ribs
Iliocostalis Thoracis origin and insertion
Origin: superior surface of lower 6 ribs
Insertion: upper border of T1-T6 ribs
Iliocostalis Cervicis origin and insertion
Origin: Superior border of upper 6 ribs
Insertion: TVP of C4, 5, 6 vertebrae
Longissiums Thoracis origin and insertion
Origin: TVP of all lumbar
Insertion: TVP of thoracic, T3-T12
Spinalis Thoracis origin and insertion
Origin: SP of T11-L2
Insertion: SP T1-T8
What muscle is the cause of primary lower back pain?
Quadratus Lumborum
Refers pain into the Sacro-Iliac joint from pulling hips out of alignment and cause stress to the joint
Quadratus Lumborum action
Unilateral: lateral flex the spine Bilateral: extends vertebral column Lifts ilium up Important for balance “Hip Hiker Muscle”
What is the thickest and strongest muscle in the lumbar region?
Multifidus
Muscle fibers
Thick and thin filaments linked by cross bridges
T-tubules spread electrical pulses across a myofibril
Cross bridges only require energy to break them
Extrinsic vs. intrinsic muscles
Extrinsic = movement of shoulder and upper extremity Intrinsic = movement of vertebral column
Superficial spinal column muscles
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Middle layer spinal column muscles
Splenius (2) spinal extensors (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis)
Deep muscles of the spinal column list and function
Interconnect and stabilize the vertebrae
Transversospinal group (Multifidus, rotatores, semispinalis, interspinalis)
Intertransverseraii
Superficial extrinsic back muscles (connect upper extremities to the upper trunk)
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Rhomboids (2)
Levator scapulae
Intermediate extrinsic back muscles
Associated w/ respiration
Serratus Posterior Superior
Serratus Posterior Inferior
Middle trapezius insertion
Horizontally into the acromion and upper border of the spine of scapula
Lower trapezius insertion
Fibers directed upwards and lateral to insert on the medial end of the spine of scapula
Rhomboid major origin and insertion
Origin: SP of T2-T5
Insertion: Medial border of scapula
Rhomboid minor origin and insertion
Origin: w/ inferior part of ligamentum nuchae, SP of C7 & T1
Insertion: medial border of scapula
Rhomboid major and minor innervation and action
Innervation: Dorsal Scapular Nerve (C5)
Action: Adducts scapula so that inferior moves medially (pinning scapula to the trunk)
Elevators of the scapula
Levator Scapula
Trapezius
Rhomboideus minor and major
Intermediate extrinsic muscles
Serratus posterior inferior and superior
Serratus Posterior Superior action and innervation
Action: aids in respiration by raising ribs during inspiration
Innervation: Intercostal nerves of T2-T5
Serratus Posterior Inferior action and innervation
Action: Aids in respiration by depressing ribs during expiration
Innervation: Intercostal nerves of T9-T12
Splenius capitis action and innervation
Action: Bilateral contraction = extends head
Unilateral contraction = laterally flexes and rotates head to same side
Innervation: C4, 5, 6, (7,8)
Splenius cervicis action and innervation
Action: Bilateral contraction = extends head
Unilateral contraction = laterally flexes and rotates head to same side
Innervation: C4, 5, 6, (7,8)
Palpation of the splenius capitis and cervicis
Between posterior edge of sternocleidomastoid and anterior edge of upper trapezius as the head and neck are rotating
These muscles are known to cause headaches
Function of the intermediate layer of intrinsic back muscles
Erector spinae muscles
To maintain normal curvature of the spine and extend the vertebral column
Erector spinae muscles
3 columns:
Iliocostalis - lateral group (lumborum, Thoracis, cervicis)
Longissimus - intermediate group (Thoracis, cervicis, capitis)
Spinalis - medial (Thoracis, cervicis, capitis)
Iliocostalis Lumborum origin and insertion
Origin: median sacral crest and SP of lumbar spine
Insertion: lower border of T6-T12 ribs
Iliocostalis Thoracis origin and insertion
Origin: superior surface of lower 6 ribs
Insertion: upper border of T1-T6 ribs
Iliocostalis cervicis origin and insertion
Origin: Superior border of upper 6 ribs
Insertion: TVP of C4, 5, 6
Longissimus Thoracis origin and insertion
Origin: TVP of lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: TVP of thoracic vertebrae, T3-T12 ribs
Longissimus cervicis origin and insertion
Origin: TVP of T1-T4
Insertion: TVP of C4-6
Longissimus capitis origin and insertion
Origin: TVP of T1-4, articular pillar of C4-C1
Insertion: posterior margin of the mastoid process
Spinalis Thoracis origin and insertion
Origin: SP of L1 & 2, T11 & 12
Insertion: SP T1-8 vertebrae
Spinalis Capitis origin and insertion
Origin: Spinous Processes of C-2 through C-4
Insertion: Occipital bone between Superior and Inferior Nuchal lines (inconsistent muscle fibers because it is usually inseparably connected with the semispinalis captis)
Spinalis Cervicis origin and insertion
Origin: SP C-6 through T-2 (ligamentum Nuchae).
Insertion: Spinous Processes of C-2 through C-4
Longus capitis origin and insertion
Origin: anterior tubercles of the TVP of C3-6
Insertion: basilar part of the occipital bone
Longus capitis innervation and action
Nerve Supply: C1-C3/C4
Actions: flexion of neck at atlanto-occipital joint
Longus colli origin and insertion
Origin: TVP of C5-T3
Insertion: Anterior arch of the atlas
Longus colli innervation and action
Nerve Supply: C2-C6
Actions: Flexes the neck and head
Quadratus Lumborum origin and insertion
Origin: Iliac crest. Iliolumbar ligament
Insertion: TVPs of lumbar vertebrae. 12th rib
Quadratus lumborum innervation and action
Action:
• Unilateral: Laterally flexion of the trunk
• Bilateral: Extend vertebral column
Nerve supply: L-1 to L-3.
What is the largest muscle that crosses the Lumbosacral joint?
Quadratus Lumborum
Deep intrinsic back muscles
Transversospinal group:
- semispinalis group
- multifidus
- rotatores
Overall origin and insertion of transversospinal group
Origin: TVP
Insertion: SP 2-4 segments above
Transversospinal action
Rotate spine to the opposite side
What region is the Multifidus prominent in?
Lumbar
Multifidus are short, trianglular and angle superiorly and medially
Semispinalis Thoracic origin and insertion
Origin: TVP of T6-10
Insertion: SP of C6-T
Semispinalis Capitis origin and insertion
Origin: TVP of T1-6, articular processes of C4-7
Insertion: occipital bone
Semispinalis Cervicis origin and insertion
Origin: T1-6, articular processes of C4-7
Insertion: SP of C2-5
Multifidus insertion and origin
Origin: Back of sacrum, mammillary processes of lumbar, TVP of thoracic, articular processes of C4-7
Insertion: SP above point of origin
Multifidus action and innervation
action: extension, lateral flexion, rotation to opposite side
innervation: posterior ramus of all spinal nerves
Cancellous bone
- Inner layer of soft and spongy bone
- trabeculae
Cortical bone
- Dense, outer shell of bone
- Haversian system
Cancellous bone supports __% of the _______ before
and __% after the age of __.
55% before of the compressive load and 35% after the age of 40
The cortex bone supports __% of the compressive load before the age of 40 and __% after then.
45% before and 65% after
Roof of the IVF
inferior pedicle notch of the superior vertebrae
Floor of the IVF
Superior pedicle notch of the inferior vertebrae
Posterior wall of the IVF
Articular process
Anterior wall of the IVF
Cervical and Lumbar spine: posterior lateral margins of vertebral body above and below and the disc between them
Thoracic spine: posterior lateral margin of the vertebral body above only and the disc
Intervertebral foramen
- Where spinal roots leave the spinal cord
- from C2 to the sacrum
- largest in the lumbar region
Flexion of the spine vs. of the vertebrae
Vertebrae: opens IVF
Spine: C/L decreases lordosis but increases T kpyhosis
Extension of the spine vs. vertebrae
Vertebrae: closes IVF
spine: increases C/L lordosis and decreases T kyphosis
