Respriatory Pathos Flashcards
What is the asthma patho?
Inflammatory response triggered by antigens
mucous secretions increase occluding airways
swelling of membranes in bronchi
mast cells activates increasing blood flow and WBC movement
alveoli become hyper-inflamed
air gets trapped in alveoli increasing pressure
decrease alveolar perfusion
What is the patho for COPD
irritant causes inflammatory response
mucous removal impaired
chronic inflammation causes other substances damage the lungs
cytokines released
leaking capillaries of protein rich fluid
increase mucous production
radial traction causes small airways to collapse trapping air and WOB
bronchoconstirction
decreases elasticity of airways
small alveoli become one large alveoli
surface area decreased impairing gas exchange
expiration is difficult due to loss of recoil
What is the Pulmonary Embolism patho?
thrombus formation in peripheral circulation dislodges
thrombus travels to pulmonary circulation causing partial or complete blockages
increased pressure in RV causing dilation and spatial deviation of LV
LV preload reduces
atrial hypotension results in coronary hypo perfusion
RV ischaemia and infarction occur
increased myocardial demand causes LV failure
obstruction to blood flow to pulmonary capillary worsening hypoxemia
What is the Covid-19 patho?
virus enters resp system
viral replication immune response begins
infections is contained at this stage
migration to lower respiratory track
cytokine involvement damgages the alveoli
viral replication continues and apoptosis to host cell
alveoli become infection causing death to pneumocystis
diffuse alveoli damage results in acute respiratory distress syndrome
What is the pneumonia patho?
infectious micro-organisms reach the alveoli
macrophages. overwhelmed, neutrophils recruited
neutrophils enguld alveoli producing fibrin rich exudate
exudate fills infected neighbouring alveoli
exudate causes alveoli to stick together reducing ventilation
oedema increases diffusion distance for gases, impairing gas exchange
What is the emphysema patho?
irritant
macrophages releasing inflammatory mediators
neutrophils recruited, releasing elastase
elastase breaks down elastin causes destruction to elastic fibres
other proteases causes further tissue damage to the alveolar wall
T-lymphocytes also cause further tissue damage to the alveolar wall
cell apoptosis
