Response to Extracellular pathogens

Question 1

Name two measures of disease burden?

Answer 1

QALY’s ( Quality adjusted life years) and DALYs( disability adjusted life years)

Question 2

What is a Lactoferrin ?

Answer 2

it is an iron chelator- a chelator is something that binds to metal ions and ferrins are metal irons that are important for bacterial and human growth

Question 3

Name three antimicrobial peptides

Answer 3

defensins, cathelicidin and RegIII

Question 4

What are antimicrobial peptides main mode of action?

Answer 4

They punch holes in the membranes of bacteria.

Question 5

What do lectins bind to ?

Answer 5

sugars

Question 6

what is a ficolin?

Answer 6

they are lectins that bind to repeating carbohydrate structures for example on bacterial surfaces

Question 7

What do scavenger receptors bind to ?

Answer 7

bind to modified lipids on the surface of bacteria or non host tissues

Question 8

Why don’t mannose receptors recognise host cells?

Answer 8

as glycosylated host tissues usually have a sialic acid on the mannose.

Question 9

Name some cytokines that cause the production of Th1 CD4 helper cells?

Answer 9

IL-12 anf IFN- gamma

Question 10

what are Th1 cells normally used for ?

Answer 10

These are used to trigger the killing of cells, can activate the death of of an intracellular pathogen.

Question 11

name some cytokines that activate Th2?

Answer 11

IL-4 and IL-10

Question 12

name a transcription factor that activates Th1 cd4 production ?

Answer 12

T-bet

Question 13

name a transcription factor that activates Th2 cd4 production ?

Answer 13

GATA3

Question 14

what are Th2 cells normally used for ?

Answer 14

these normally stimulate the release of soluble factors such as the release of antibodies and are for the response to extracellular pathogens.

Question 15

Name some cytokines that cause the production of Th17 CD4 helper cells?

Answer 15

TGF-beta, IL-23, IL-6 these are all for the production of an inflammatory response and cause the recruitment of neutrophils

Question 16

Do CD8 T cells recognise MHC I or MHC II?

Answer 16

MHC I

Question 17

Name 5 ways that Th2 helps the immune response ?

Answer 17

Neutralisation
Agglutination of microbes
Activation of complement
Coating of soluble antigens 
The class switching of antibodies generating high affinity antibodies

Question 18

Name 2 ways Th2 activates non B cells?

Answer 18

IL-5 causes the activation of eosinopils
Il-9 activates basophils
IgE production also activates basophils/mast cells

Question 19

Name a transcription factor that activates Th17 ?

Answer 19

ROR gamma

Question 20

Name three pro inflammatory cytokines ?

Answer 20

IL-23, IL-8 and IL-6

Question 21

In streptococcus what is the purpose of C5a protease?

Answer 21

this is secreted to break down C5a which is a chemoattractant

Question 22

what is Hyaluronidase ?

Answer 22

this cleaves glucosaminoglycans of the ECM and causes necrosis of tissues.

Question 23

what is the name of the pathogenicity island on helicobacteria pylori ?

Answer 23

CagPAI

Question 24

What does superoxide dismutase do ?

Answer 24

It is in helicobacter pylori and it converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxidase. Normally superoxide is used by neutrophils to kill so turns it into less harmful things

Question 25

where would you find beta glucan ?

Answer 25

this is a sugar found in fungus

Question 26

what is Dectin 1 a major recogniser of?

Answer 26

Beta - glucan in fungus

Question 27

mutation in Dectin - 1 promotor cause increased susceptibility to which bacteria ?

Answer 27

C. albicans infection