Response to Extracellular pathogens Flashcards
Name two measures of disease burden?
QALY’s ( Quality adjusted life years) and DALYs( disability adjusted life years)
What is a Lactoferrin ?
it is an iron chelator- a chelator is something that binds to metal ions and ferrins are metal irons that are important for bacterial and human growth
Name three antimicrobial peptides
defensins, cathelicidin and RegIII
What are antimicrobial peptides main mode of action?
They punch holes in the membranes of bacteria.
What do lectins bind to ?
sugars
what is a ficolin?
they are lectins that bind to repeating carbohydrate structures for example on bacterial surfaces
What do scavenger receptors bind to ?
bind to modified lipids on the surface of bacteria or non host tissues
Why don’t mannose receptors recognise host cells?
as glycosylated host tissues usually have a sialic acid on the mannose.
Name some cytokines that cause the production of Th1 CD4 helper cells?
IL-12 anf IFN- gamma
what are Th1 cells normally used for ?
These are used to trigger the killing of cells, can activate the death of of an intracellular pathogen.
name some cytokines that activate Th2?
IL-4 and IL-10
name a transcription factor that activates Th1 cd4 production ?
T-bet
name a transcription factor that activates Th2 cd4 production ?
GATA3
what are Th2 cells normally used for ?
these normally stimulate the release of soluble factors such as the release of antibodies and are for the response to extracellular pathogens.
Name some cytokines that cause the production of Th17 CD4 helper cells?
TGF-beta, IL-23, IL-6 these are all for the production of an inflammatory response and cause the recruitment of neutrophils
Do CD8 T cells recognise MHC I or MHC II?
MHC I
Name 5 ways that Th2 helps the immune response ?
Neutralisation Agglutination of microbes Activation of complement Coating of soluble antigens The class switching of antibodies generating high affinity antibodies
Name 2 ways Th2 activates non B cells?
IL-5 causes the activation of eosinopils
Il-9 activates basophils
IgE production also activates basophils/mast cells
Name a transcription factor that activates Th17 ?
ROR gamma
Name three pro inflammatory cytokines ?
IL-23, IL-8 and IL-6
In streptococcus what is the purpose of C5a protease?
this is secreted to break down C5a which is a chemoattractant
what is Hyaluronidase ?
this cleaves glucosaminoglycans of the ECM and causes necrosis of tissues.
what is the name of the pathogenicity island on helicobacteria pylori ?
CagPAI
What does superoxide dismutase do ?
It is in helicobacter pylori and it converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxidase. Normally superoxide is used by neutrophils to kill so turns it into less harmful things
where would you find beta glucan ?
this is a sugar found in fungus
what is Dectin 1 a major recogniser of?
Beta - glucan in fungus
mutation in Dectin - 1 promotor cause increased susceptibility to which bacteria ?
C. albicans infection
