Respondent conditioning

Question 1

respondent behaviours are _

Answer 1

elicited reflex behaviours or controlled by stimuli

Question 2

typically, biologically significance reflexes have ____

Answer 2

survival value

Question 3

what did ivan pavlov do

Answer 3

he was a physiologist studying digestion, specifically in dogs
measured dogs saliva in response to dry meat
but dogs became psychic and would salivate when they heard his footsteps or entered the room
decided to use more consistent stimulus, his wife’s metronome

Question 4

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 4

stimulus that elicit a unconditioned, reflexive unconditioned response without any learning or conditioning

Question 5

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 5

response to unconditioned stimulus that is reflexively naturally elicited

Question 6

neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 6

stimulus that have no effect on reflexive response

Question 7

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 7

initially neutral stimulus that is paired with unconditioned stimulus

Question 8

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 8

response elicited by conditioned stimulus

Question 9

respondent conditioning (classical or pavlovian)

Answer 9

entails manipulating a stimuli to elicit reflexive responses

Question 10

process of associating an NS with US to form a CS is called ___

Answer 10

conditioning

Question 11

“conditional”

Answer 11

depend on learning

Question 12

“unconditional”

Answer 12

reflexive, does not depend on learning

Question 13

trace conditioning

Answer 13

NS presented before US, they do not overlap.

Question 14

delay conditioning

Answer 14

onset of NS occurs before US, some overlap in time

Question 15

simultaneous conditioning

Answer 15

NS and US presented at the same time

Question 16

backward conditioning

Answer 16

US presented before NS, like trace conditioning, no overlap

Question 17

higher order conditioning

Answer 17

CS is paired with another NS.
NS + US -> CS (first order conditioning)
CS + US -> CS (second order conditioning)
e.g.
flashing light + shock -> fear response
flashing light -> fear response (first order conditioning)
flashing light + 1800 hz tone -> fear response
1800 hz tone -> fear response (second order conditioning)

Question 18

CERs

Answer 18

watson argued that it was not childhood sexual conflict that caused phobias, he said it was conditioned emotional response

Question 19

Little Albert experiment

Answer 19

little albert was healthy 11 month old who was not really afraid of anything, including rats.
showed white rat, and when albert reached for it, struck a metal bar and made loud noise
in repeated sessions, used simultaneous conditioning by presenting rat and sound together.
little albert cried and crawled away (escape behaviour)

Question 20

operant stimulus generalization of little albert

Answer 20

generalized the rat to all furry object. afraid of all stimuli that was furry

Question 21

respondent stimuli discrimination of little albert

Answer 21

albert played with blocks normally

Question 22

respondent extinction

Answer 22

repeated presentation of CS without US can weaken CR

Question 23

spontaneous recovery

Answer 23

presenting CS after extinction can produce CR

Question 24

what was initial thought on little albert?

Answer 24

had neurological and developmental deficits. did not perform gaze monitoring. used hand scooping instead of sophisticated pincer grip

Question 25

what is gaze monitoring

Answer 25

looking to see where other people are looking

Question 26

what was the new thoughts on little albert after the first search?

Answer 26

found evidence that little albert did show gaze monitoring and pincer grip to pick up marble. found that little albert did not like dogs

Question 27

factors influencing conditioning

Answer 27

• nature of NS and US. high intensity US have high salience to NS.
• temporal relationship between NS and US. NS should precede US, shorter time better. optimal is 0.5 s
• contingency between NS and US. should occur together on every trial.
• if there are multiple NS, the one most consistently associated with US will become CS
• number of pairing of US and NS. more repetition the better
• previous exposure NS/prior learning

Question 28

what is exception to temporal relationship between NS and US

Answer 28

taste aversion. doesn’t have to be conditioned fast.

Question 29

E for respondent conditioning

Answer 29

elicited

Question 30

E for operant conditioning

Answer 30

evoked, emitted

Question 31

difference between respondent and operant conditioning

Answer 31

• respondent conditioning involves pairing of NS and US before a response, operant conditioning involves consequences after a response
• extinction for respondent conditioning occurs when CS presented without US, and for operant is when reinforcement for behaviour is not there anymore
• they may work together though

Question 32

looking at little albert with respondent vs operational conditioning

Answer 32

respondent:
-little albert’s US was sound and NS was rat, which became CS that resulted in CER of white rat.
operant:
-the white rat is antecedent stimulus Sd that evoked avoidance behaviour which produced feelings of relief as a consequence (Sr-) or negative reinforcement