Respondent conditioning Flashcards
respondent behaviours are _
elicited reflex behaviours or controlled by stimuli
typically, biologically significance reflexes have ____
survival value
what did ivan pavlov do
he was a physiologist studying digestion, specifically in dogs
measured dogs saliva in response to dry meat
but dogs became psychic and would salivate when they heard his footsteps or entered the room
decided to use more consistent stimulus, his wife’s metronome
unconditioned stimulus (US)
stimulus that elicit a unconditioned, reflexive unconditioned response without any learning or conditioning
unconditioned response (UR)
response to unconditioned stimulus that is reflexively naturally elicited
neutral stimulus (NS)
stimulus that have no effect on reflexive response
conditioned stimulus (CS)
initially neutral stimulus that is paired with unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response (CR)
response elicited by conditioned stimulus
respondent conditioning (classical or pavlovian)
entails manipulating a stimuli to elicit reflexive responses
process of associating an NS with US to form a CS is called ___
conditioning
“conditional”
depend on learning
“unconditional”
reflexive, does not depend on learning
trace conditioning
NS presented before US, they do not overlap.
delay conditioning
onset of NS occurs before US, some overlap in time
simultaneous conditioning
NS and US presented at the same time
backward conditioning
US presented before NS, like trace conditioning, no overlap
higher order conditioning
CS is paired with another NS.
NS + US -> CS (first order conditioning)
CS + US -> CS (second order conditioning)
e.g.
flashing light + shock -> fear response
flashing light -> fear response (first order conditioning)
flashing light + 1800 hz tone -> fear response
1800 hz tone -> fear response (second order conditioning)
CERs
watson argued that it was not childhood sexual conflict that caused phobias, he said it was conditioned emotional response
Little Albert experiment
little albert was healthy 11 month old who was not really afraid of anything, including rats.
showed white rat, and when albert reached for it, struck a metal bar and made loud noise
in repeated sessions, used simultaneous conditioning by presenting rat and sound together.
little albert cried and crawled away (escape behaviour)
operant stimulus generalization of little albert
generalized the rat to all furry object. afraid of all stimuli that was furry
respondent stimuli discrimination of little albert
albert played with blocks normally
respondent extinction
repeated presentation of CS without US can weaken CR
spontaneous recovery
presenting CS after extinction can produce CR
what was initial thought on little albert?
had neurological and developmental deficits. did not perform gaze monitoring. used hand scooping instead of sophisticated pincer grip
what is gaze monitoring
looking to see where other people are looking
what was the new thoughts on little albert after the first search?
found evidence that little albert did show gaze monitoring and pincer grip to pick up marble. found that little albert did not like dogs
factors influencing conditioning
- nature of NS and US. high intensity US have high salience to NS.
- temporal relationship between NS and US. NS should precede US, shorter time better. optimal is 0.5 s
- contingency between NS and US. should occur together on every trial.
- if there are multiple NS, the one most consistently associated with US will become CS
- number of pairing of US and NS. more repetition the better
- previous exposure NS/prior learning
what is exception to temporal relationship between NS and US
taste aversion. doesn’t have to be conditioned fast.
E for respondent conditioning
elicited
E for operant conditioning
evoked, emitted
difference between respondent and operant conditioning
- respondent conditioning involves pairing of NS and US before a response, operant conditioning involves consequences after a response
- extinction for respondent conditioning occurs when CS presented without US, and for operant is when reinforcement for behaviour is not there anymore
- they may work together though
looking at little albert with respondent vs operational conditioning
respondent:
-little albert’s US was sound and NS was rat, which became CS that resulted in CER of white rat.
operant:
-the white rat is antecedent stimulus Sd that evoked avoidance behaviour which produced feelings of relief as a consequence (Sr-) or negative reinforcement
