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Medicine > Respirology > Flashcards

Respirology Flashcards

1
Q

Red-current jelly sputum is typical of which infective organism?

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

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2
Q

What are the three A’s of Klebsiella?

A

Aspiration pneumonia
Alcoholics and diabetics
Abscesses in lungs

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3
Q

What are the common organisms in CAP?

A 
Strep. pneumoniae
Staph. aureus
Strep. pyogenes
Haemophylus influenzae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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4
Q

Which pneumonia causing infective organism is associated with an elevated CK?

A

Legionella pneumophilia

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5
Q

How is COPD diagnosed and what value is diagnostic?

A

COPD is diagnosed using pulmonary function testing specifically looking at the FEV1/FVC ratio which has to be

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6
Q

What is alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?

A

It is an autosomal dominant inherited deficiency in alpha-1 antitrypsin which is made in the liver which is usually responsible for breaking down proteases in the lungs. With this deficiency you get a break down of the alveolar and this can cause COPD.

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7
Q

What is the treatment regime for TB?

A

RIPE

  • Rifampacin
  • Isoniazid
  • Pyrazinamide
  • Ethambutol
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8
Q

What are the names of SABAs used in Asthma?

A

Salbutamol

Turbutaline

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9
Q

What are the names of ICS?

A

Fluticasone

Budesonide

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10
Q

What are the names of LABAs?

A

Salmeterol

Formoterol

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11
Q

What does seretide contain?

A

Fluticasone and salmeterol

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12
Q

What does symbicort contain?

A

Budesonide and formoterol

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13
Q

What is the acute pathophysiology of asthma?

A

Mediator release from mast cells and eosinophils:
Histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, cytokines in response to an allergen (usually).

This results in bronchoconstriction, oedema and mucous production.

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14
Q

What is the pathophysiology of chronic inflammation in asthma?

A

Early structural changes involving cell recruitment and epithelial damage which can lead to airway remodelling involving:
Smooth muscle and goblet cell hyperplasia and thickening of the basement membrane.

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15
Q

When is asthma typically worse?

A

In the early morning as the circadian rhythm of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems means that bronchodiameter is smallest at this time.

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16
Q

What are the three conditions associated with atopic disease?

A

Asthma, eczema, hayfever

17
Q

What are the predisposing factors for asthma?

A

Genetics - Family history
Atopy - eczema and allergic rhinitis
Airway hyperresponsiveness
Sex - severe persistent asthma more common in women

18
Q

What are some typical triggers of asthma?

A 
Pollen
Pollution
Weather
Exercise
URTI's
Allergens
Smoking
Anxiety/stress
Medications (NSAIDS/aspirin or B-Blockers)
GORD
19
Q

How can asthma be diagnosed?

A

RFT’s
- Reduced FEV1/FVC below lower limit of normal
AND
- Increased FEV1 by 12% (min. 200ml) post bronchodilator

PEF
20% variation in PEF in consecutive days or >8% for twice daily readings

20
Q

What are the causes of a respiratory wheeze?

A 
Asthma
Exaccerbation COPD
Bronchitis
Heart failure
Vocal cord dysfunction
Obstructing endobronchial lesion (tumour, foreign body)
21
Q

What are the goals of asthma treatment?

A
  • Control symptoms
  • Prevent exacerbations
  • Maintain normal levels of activity
  • Maximise lung function and prevent lung function decline
  • Lowest dose of medication to achieve adequate control and minimise symptoms
22
Q

What are the common local side effects of ICS?

A

Oral Thrush

Hoarse Voice

23
Q

What are the common side effects of a SABA?

A

Tremor
Aggitation
Palpitations/Tachycardia

24
Q

What is COPD?

A

COPD is a group of disorders characterised by airway inflammation and airflow limitation that is not fully reversible.

25
Q

What does the BODE scale calculate and what are its components?

A

BMI
Obstruction (FEV1% predicted)
Dyspnoea (calculated using the modified MRC dyspnoea scale)
Exercise (6 minute walk test)

Medicine (3 decks)

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