Respiratory, Urinary

Question 1

What is the most powerful respiratory stimulus in a healthy person

Answer 1

Changing levels of CO2

Question 2

What enhances the reabsorption of water in the collective tubules?

Answer 2

An increase in the production of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

Question 3

How does the mechanism of inspiration work?

Answer 3

Contraction of inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and intercostal muscles) widen space for lungs which then stretch. The lungs then have a larger volume and intrapulmonary pressure becomes lower than the atmospheric pressure which makes air move/flow in until the pressure equalises.

Question 4

Function of the nasal cavity?

Answer 4

Entrance for point of air
Vestibule contains hairs to filter large particles
Chemoreceptors for smell

Question 5

Functions of the pharynx?

Answer 5

Connects nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and oesophagus
Conducts food/air
Closes off nasopharynx when swallowing

Question 6

Functions of larynx?

Answer 6

Produce sound with vocal chords
Contains epiglottis (folds over the larynx) to prevent food and drink from entering the respiratory tract when swallowing

Question 7

Function of trachea?

Answer 7

C-shape cartilage provides rigidity anteriorly to hold the trachea open and the posterior wall is flexible to allow expansion of the oesophagus behind.

Question 8

Glomerular filtration - what is it, where does it happen, what’s the cellular process ?

Answer 8

Passive filtration of fluids and solutes through the glomerulus into the capsule. Happens in the renal corpuscle and is the process of filtration.

Question 9

Tubular reabsorption happens where and does what?

Answer 9

All along the renal tubule and collecting duct (especially proximal CT). It is movement of valuable substances from filtrate back into the blood. This is is via osmosis, diffusion and active transport.

Question 10

Tubular secretion - where does it happen and what is it?

Answer 10

All along renal tubule and collecting duct (Especially in the distal CT). Movement of substances that Ned to e removed from the blood into the filtrate (urea, hydrogen ions). This is active transport.

Question 11

What is the respiratory membrane?

Answer 11

Single membrane composed of the alveolar wall, capillary wall and their fused basement membranes and is where gas exchange takes place.

Question 12

What is the most abundant solute in extra cellular fluid and what is the proportion for body fluid

Answer 12

1/3 of all bodily fluid and the most abundant solute is sodium

Question 13

What is the most abundant solute in intracellular fluid? And what proportion is it of body fluid?

Answer 13

2/3 of all body fluid. Most abundant solute is potassium