Respiratory tract Infections and Pulmonary Vascular Disorders Flashcards
Risk factors of Puneumonia
Age
Immune compromised
Immobilization
Smoking
Name 2 respiratory tract infections.
- Pneumonia
2. TB
Types of pneumonia
- Community acquired-streptococcus pnuemoniae
- Hospital acquired (nosocomial) staphylococcus aureus
- Viral
Pathophysiology of pneumonia
- inhalation of organism
2 massive inflammatory response - damage to bronchi and alveoli 4.accumulation of exudate
Manifestations of pneumonia
Fever chills cough pain dyspnea
What is tuberculosis caused by
Mycobacterium TB
Is tuberculosis highly contagious
Yes
What are risk factors of TB
Crowded institutions Emigration homelessness substance-abuse lack of access to medical care
What is the pathophysiology of tuberculosis
- Bacilli enter a lung; local area of inflammation
- immune cells form a tubercle
- Caseous necrosis inside the tubercle
- scar tissue around the tubercle
Clinical manifestations of tuberculosis
Fatigue weight-loss anorexia low-grade fever productive cough night sweats anxiety
What is pulmonary embolus or PE
Occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary vascular bed by an embolus
What causes PE
Most common a blood clot
tissue fragment
lipid
or air bubble
What does PE commonly arise from?
Deep veins in the thigh
Risk factors of pulmonary embolus
Virchow’s triad
What is Virchow’s Triad
- Alterations and bloodflow
- Injury to the vascular endothelial
- alterations and blood constitution
Manifestations of pulmonary embolus
Sudden chest pain
dyspnea
tachypnea
anxiety
Name 3 Pulmonary Vascular Disorders
- PE - pulmonary embolus
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Cor pulmonale “pulmonary heart disease”
What is pulmonary hypertension?
- Abnormally high pressures in the pulmonary artery system
2. most commonly related to vasoconstriction of the pulmonary arteries
Causes of pulmonary hypertension
Idiopathic
hypoxia
lung disease
heart disease
Manifestations of pulmonary hypertension
Typically not until later stages of disease fatigue chest discomfort tachypnea dyspnea
What is Cor pulmonale aka pulmonary heart disease
Right-sided heart failure caused by pulmonary hypertension
Pathophysiology of cor pulmonale
- Pulmonary hypertension increases the hearts workload
- to compensate the right ventricle has to work harder
- this results in hypertrophy of the right ventricle of the heart
Early Clinical manifestations of cor pulmonale
dyspnea
fatigue
cough
weakness
Progressive clinical manifestations of core Pomino
Edema distended jugular veins acites tachycardia headache flushed face
