Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards
What is coryza?
Common cold - acute inflammation of nasal passages
How does diphtheria present?
Sore throat, low fever and pseudomembrane on tonsils/pharynx/nasal cavity
Describe acute epiglottitis
Inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis obstructs the vocal folds/trachea: life-threatening in children
What are some symptoms of acute bronchitis?
Productive cough (with fever in minority) Transient wheeze
CXR and chest examinations are usually normal in acute bronchitis. True/False?
True
Are antibiotics indicated in acute bronchitis?
No, unless there is underlying (chronic) lung disease
Abdominal pain is not a symptom of pneumonia. True/False?
False
It could well be
What does CURB65 stand for? When is it used?
Confusion Urea more than 7 Resp rate more than 30 BP less than 90/61 65 yrs old Used to assess community-acquired pneumonia
What is the commonest pathogenic cause of pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What is special about legionella-acquired pneumonia?
Chest symptoms may be absent - usually more GI disturbance
How does influenza present?
High fever of abrupt onset
Malaise and myalgia
Headache
Cough (initially dry and painful)
Haemophilus influenzae is the primary cause of flu. True/False?
False
May be secondary invader
Which influenza virus is present in pandemics?
Influenza A
When are antivirals given for flu?
When patient is at risk of complications (such as pneumonia)
Give examples of 2 antivirals
Oseltamavir
Zanamivir
Which disease(s) arises due to Coxiella burnetti?
Pneumonia
Q fever
Endocarditis
What is bronchiolitis? Who is mainly affected?
LRTI common in babies and young children
Similar symptoms to a cold
Which virus is responsible for 90% of bronchiolitis?
RSV
What is an abscess?
Local collection of pus
Which 3 main types of virus cause coryza?
Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, adenoviruses
What is ottis media?
Sore ear
How does sinusitis present?
Frontal headache, facial pain
Purulent rhinorrhoea
Fever
What does xylometazoline do?
Nasal decongestant
Which group of viruses most commonly cause pharyngitis?
Adenoviruses
What is laryngotracheobronchitis? Who is it most severe in?
Inflammatory oedema that can affect vocal cords, usually following parainfluenza infection
Most severe in kids under 3yrs
How would acute epiglottitis be treated?
Urgent endotracheal intubation
IV antibiotics
How quickly can influenza viruses incubate?
3 days
H5N1 flu strain is passed from pigs. True/False?
False
H1N1 is in pigs
Which flu strain is passed from birds to humans?
H5N1
Which patients are at risk of acute bronchitis?
Bacterially infected
COPD
Antibiotics would immediately be given to acute bronchitis patients. True/False?
False
Only given if underlying lung disease present
Describe chest pain in pneumonia
Usually pleuritic
Describe treatment for mild/moderate CAP
Amoxicillin IV for 7 days
Doxycycline if pen-allergic
Describe treatment for severe CAP
Co-amoxiclav IV + Clarythromicin IV
(Levofloxacin if pen-allergic)
Step down to Doxycycline
Total duration = 10 days
Describe treatment for non-severe HAP
Amoxicillin + Metronidazole for 7 days
Describe treatment for severe HAP
Amoxicillin + Metronidazole + Gentamicin for 10 days
What is bronchiectasis?
Abnormal fixed dilation of bronchi, resulting in inflammation and build-up of mucus
What is the most common cause of bronchiectasis?
Cystic fibrosis
What is halitosis?
Bad breath
What happens clinically in bronchiectasis?
Recurrent bacterial infections
Productive cough
Which antibiotic is given for mild bronchiectasis?
Cefaclor/Ciprofloxacin
Flucloxacillin if S. aureus
Which antibiotic is given for persistent bronchiectasis?
Ceftazidime
Erythema marginatum is present in sarcoidosis. True/False?
False
Erythema nodosum, not marginatum
What happens to calcium and ACE levels in sarcoidosis?
They are raised
What is Wegener’s Granulomatosis?
Granulomatous disease affecting small arteries
Severe rhinorrhea with ulcers ensue
What is Churg-Strauss Syndrome?
Eosinophilic infilatration causing vasculitis of small arteries and veins
A history of rhinitis and asthma is typical in C-S syndrome. True/False?
True
C-S syndrome produces ANCA +ve test result. True/False?
True
What is cystic fibrosis?
Autosomal recessive disorder in which there is a defect in the CFTR gene of chromosome 7
List some symptoms of CF
Thick sputum Recurrent infections Malabsorption Steatorrhoea Abnormal teenage milestones
